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SOCI 365 > USI Ch 5, 9, 10, 11 > Flashcards

USI Ch 5, 9, 10, 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is significant about Margaret Laurence’s use of the word middling?

A
  • describes the privilege people have when they are middle aged
  • sounds like meddling
  • contempt for those who occupy a more privileged status because of their age
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2
Q

How are older people seen as less valuable by society?

A
  • seen as unable to work for pay or raise families

- youthfulness is beautiful and desirable

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3
Q

What is age inequality like in many developing countries?

A

-less extreme often because those who’re poor will die before they become old

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4
Q

Define neoliberalism

A
  • philosophy that market exchange is one ethic in itself, capable of acting as a guide for all human action
  • state interventions are minimized
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5
Q

What was the only social program that withstood Canada’s shift to neoliberalism in the 1990s?

A

-CPP

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6
Q

What age discrimination is happening in China?

A

-over 25 graduating from university are seen as too old to hire

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7
Q

Who began a development of age stratification theory?

A

-Leonard Cain and Bernice Neugarten

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8
Q

Who was responsible for the formalization of age stratification theory?

A

-Matilda White

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9
Q

What new type of age stratification theory is emerging?

A

-aging and society paradigm

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10
Q

Explain age stratification theory as theorized by Riley

A
  • process and structure
  • similar-aged individuals form strata based on biological age or life stages
  • marker for appropriate age related behaviour
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11
Q

Define age strata

A
  • stratification of societies via age and the associated rite of passage
  • assumes there are sets of roles and responsibilities attached to age stratum
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12
Q

What are structures in Riley’s definition of age stratification?

A

-social institutions or social roles

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13
Q

What are the elements of how people and roles are differentiated by age structure according to Riley?

A

Age; strata, related acts, structure of roles, related expectations

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14
Q

What are the fundamental processes of age stratification theory?

A

-cohort flow
-individual aging
-allocation
socialization

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15
Q

What is the aging process conceptualized as?

A

-biopsychosocial process

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16
Q

Define allocation

A

-individuals are assigned and reassigned social roles

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17
Q

Define socialization

A
  • individuals learn to engage in appropriate social roles

- learning and conforming to normative rules and behaviour

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18
Q

How did Riley differentiate issues related to aging from those related to cohort succession?

A
  • developed another conceptual scheme that incorporates time
  • as cohorts age they move through time and through age strata
  • differences in age strata reflect a culmination of individual aging and different patterns of cohort composition
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19
Q

Define diachronic

A

-changing, in reference to states

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20
Q

Define cohorts

A

-aggregates of individuals who’re born in the same time interval

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21
Q

Define structural lag and give an example

A
  • gap between the activities individuals do and the ability of structures to adapt to people
  • institutional arrangements need to be modified to catch up with human behaviour
  • women’s labour participation vs. family responsibilities
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22
Q

What is life course fallacy?

A

-assumption that cross-sectional age differences capture the process of aging

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23
Q

What is the cohort centrism?

A

-the error of assuming that other cohorts age in the same as one’s own

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24
Q

What is age reification?

A

-treats chronological age as the most important variable for age and the life course

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25
Q

What is reifying historical time?

A

-places emphasis on historical change rather than drawing attention to the true aspects of change that explain age variation

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26
Q

Define synchronic

A

-static, in reference to states

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27
Q

What is there a tendency to do in research that incorporates ageism?

A

-tendency to start with the assumption that age strata are static and incorporate specific roles and consequences

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28
Q

Does literature agree with the belief that there are clear norms for age strata?

A

-no, cultural meanings that individuals attribute to age counteracts this belief

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29
Q

Why does Riley believe that age inequality is stronger than some other types?

A

-because cohort differences in education have strengthened the age stratification system

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30
Q

How does Ryder define a cohort?

A

-an aggregate of individuals who experienced the same event within the same time interval

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31
Q

What is one of the most prominent social theories of disability?

A

-social model of disability

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32
Q

Define the social model of disability

A

-emphasizes that problems faced by disabled individuals are caused by discrimination rather than by physical or mental conditions alone

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33
Q

Define social welfare

A

-a system that provide assistance to needy individuals and families

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34
Q

Define age groups

A
  • social construction of age categories

- old, middle-aged or young

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35
Q

Define bio psychosocial processes

A

-intersections of social, psychological and biological factors that contribute to aging and development

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36
Q

What is a political economy perspective? (2)

A
  • explains aging and aging relationships by examining relationships between the economic, political and ideological structures that these systems of domination construct and reconstruct
  • focus on inequalities within society rather than individual fault
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37
Q

Explain what CPP does?

A
  • graduated scheme where employers and employees pay into the plan according to the employees’ pre-retirement income
  • these plans have an upper contribution limit resulting in the pension scheme to be graduated at the bottom and flat on top
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38
Q

What is OAS?

A
  • old age security

- pension scheme that guarantees a flat, per month benefit to people 65 or over

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39
Q

What are three broad ways we can categorize jobs as relatively good or bad? (3)

A
  • physical environments of the workplace and if they are low risk and comfortable
  • intrinsically rewarding with high levels of autonomy and low levels of alienation
  • extrinsic rewards such as high pay, benefits etc
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40
Q

Define autonomy

A

-workers ability to make their own decisions about how to do work and what needs to be done

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41
Q

What are the four dimensions of alienation?

A
  • workers are separated from the products of their labour
  • workers have little autonomy over how labour is done
  • workers are alienated from themselves because to labour is to be human
  • separation of workers from each other
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42
Q

Define capitalism

A

-economic and social organization of production processes in modern industrialized countries

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43
Q

Define meritocracy

A

-allocation of positions, prestige and power based on the ability and talents of an individual

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44
Q

What does the ideology of capitalism say about people who get good or bad jobs?

A

-it is based on personal merit and meritocracy

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45
Q

What characteristics within capitalism organize process of production? (5)

A
  • private ownership and control of the means of production by few people
  • continuous growth, increasing profits
  • exploitation, owners profit at expense of labourers
  • labour for wage exchange
  • commodity exchange that takes place in free markets
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46
Q

Who was among the first to recognize capitalism is a social system?

A
  • Karl Marx

- production processes are organized according to the social relations of production

47
Q

What would the polarization described by Marx include? (3)

A
  • reduction in small businesses and shrinking of middle class
  • increasing income going to large business owners
  • deskilling and corresponding alienation at work
48
Q

What is the capitalist-executive class as defined by Wright?

A

-controls both the labour power of others and means of production

49
Q

What is the old middle class as defined by Wright?

A
  • or petit bourgeoisie

- commands the means of production but not the labour power of others

50
Q

What is the new middle class as defined by Wright?

A

-controls the labour power of others but not the means of production

51
Q

What is the working class as defined by Wright?

A

-commands neither the labour of power or means of production

52
Q

What class, using Wright’s four definitions, is increasing in recent years?

A
  • the old-middle class
  • some say its positive as they are free of large capitalist alienating corporations
  • others say its because they lost their job and are forced to make a living and receive very little benefits
53
Q

Define primary labour markets

A

-pool of good jobs that are characterized by high pay, good benefits and job security

54
Q

Define the cumulative advantage/disadvantage hypothesis

A
  • individuals are born with specific social locations that provide them with a certain amount of advantage or disadvantage
  • as time passes, the separation between these grows
55
Q

What type of individuals have high level of job security?

A

-those in the primary sector and in unions

56
Q

What type of individuals have low job security?

A

-secondary sector and non-unionized environments

57
Q

What is a crucial process of distribution in capitalism and intimately linked to production processes?

A
  • the wage-exchange relationship

- workers exchange their labour power for a wage that equals less than the market value of what they produce

58
Q

Define surplus value

A

-value of surplus product that results when workers labour for more hours than required to achieve their means of subsistence

59
Q

Define skill

A

-combination of job complexity and autonomy

60
Q

What did Braverman argue about capitalism and deskilling?

A
  • employers, due to trying to increase profits, would seek to gain the maximum amount of control over the pace and manner of the labour process
  • businesses would then centralize skill and knowledge and see workers as a manipulable part of the process
61
Q

What does Braverman argue about white collar jobs?

A
  • they should be considered working class jobs

- because they are deskilled and organized according to scientific management techniques

62
Q

What did Bell say about skill and work?

A
  • due to technology, in the future skill and knowledge would be rewarded over efficiency
  • knowledge would be power
  • this would stop the polarization of the two classes
63
Q

What is the dual-economy perspective? (4)

A
  • models of labour market segmentation
  • core sector and periphery sector in economy
  • core sector is large companies
  • periphery is smaller companies that are highly competitive with each other
64
Q

What is the human capital labour market explanation?

A

-sorted into jobs on the basis of individual skill, education and experience

65
Q

What is labour market segmentation theory? (4)

A
  • good and bad jobs are located in different labour markets
  • processes where people get these jobs are different
  • little movement between labour markets
  • segregation within is based on gender, race, ethnicity
66
Q

Define streaming (2)

A
  • educational practice of grouping children according to different levels of ability
  • both informally and formally
67
Q

Who, according to Bourdieau, has richer reserves of cultural capital

A

-parents with more educational resources

68
Q

Define cultural capital (2)

A
  • Bourdieau’s concept where people have learned behaviours, movements, like and dislikes based on their class and these pass onto generations
  • institutionalized and recognized
69
Q

Define social capital (3)

A
  • Bourdieau’s concept
  • social networks and resources individuals can draw upon in their daily lives
  • high social capital means high economic and cultural capital
70
Q

Define special education

A

-education designed to address educational deficiencies and difficulties

71
Q

Define habitus

A

-somewhat stable sets of attitudes and beliefs that social actors hold and that reflects their social locations

72
Q

What helps to conceptualize how agent and human action are constrained and shaped by structure?

A
  • habitus and cultural capital

- students, who’re streamed, will pick what’s comfortable, familiar and valued

73
Q

Define summer setback

A

-loss of numeracy and literacy among students during the summer months

74
Q

Why are there higher rates of education among visible minorities?

A

-to gain entrance to Canada, one must be educated

75
Q

What is a more important predictor than race and ethnicity for educational attainment?

A

-class

76
Q

Are all educational certificates and credentials valued accordingly?

A

-No, there is a devaluation of education of those who recently immigrated to Canada

77
Q

Define silencing

A
  • many times women and girls in class remain silent or do not participate in the classroom experience
  • exclusionary
78
Q

Define pro-social behaviour (2)

A
  • socially altruistic behaviour

- inclusion of other children, listening and showing compassion

79
Q

Define educational investments

A

-monetary and occupational labour market rewards that can be expected via their level of educational attainment and social locations

80
Q

Define occupational segregation

A

-division of labour force where women and men perform different tasks and work

81
Q

Define baby-boom expansion

A

-growth in the educational sector in response to the high fertility rate after WW2

82
Q

How does Canada’s gender wage gap compare to other countries?

A
  • Canada is above the OECD average and right below the USA

- fourth worst within OECD

83
Q

How does WHO define health? (2)

A
  • state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

- not merely the absence of illness or disease

84
Q

What is CAGE?

A

x

85
Q

What did House note about the literature around health in the 1900s up to 2000s?

A

-inequalities in health were analyzed via the biology of the individual, not through a structural lens

86
Q

What happened to the research on health in the 1960s? (2)

A
  • psychosocial factors were at the forefront of research

- especially stress

87
Q

What have stress researchers said that physical and mental health reflects? (3)

A
  • different exposure to social stress over the life course
  • status based differences in the distribution of personal and social resources
  • aligns with exposure-resource framework
88
Q

Define psychosocial risk factors

A

-system of exposures, resources and situational variables believed to have an impact on health

89
Q

What is fundamental cause theory? (House) (3)

A
  • leading social theory on health
  • focus on factors like SES, race or ethnicity since these shape peoples exposure to psychosocial, environmental and biomedical risk
  • help explain the size and persistence of social disparities within health
90
Q

What is a con of House’s fundamental cause theory?

A

-ignores intersectionality of social locations

91
Q

Those who possess more resources tend to what?

A

-tend to live longer and healthier than people in a lower class

92
Q

Do health disparities and life expectancies vary across geographical space? What people have lower life expectancy in Canada?

A
  • yes

- Inuit people have much lower

93
Q

Are low or high income people more likely to commit suicide?

A

-low income

94
Q

Where are infant mortality rates and death rates higher?

A

-places with more income inequality

95
Q

Does the duration of time individuals experience economic advantage or disadvantage effect health proportionality?

A

-Yes

96
Q

Are the poor a homogenous group? (2)

A
  • No, do not treat them as that

- will result in important health risks

97
Q

Does mental illness vary according to social advantage and privilege? (2)

A
  • Yes

- the poor, young, and POC have higher rates of mental illness

98
Q

Do poor neighbourhoods have health effects on their inhabitants?

A

-Yes, mental and physical

99
Q

What is the stress-process paradigm?

A

-experience of stress in various forms affects physical and mental health

100
Q

Define class-linked stress (2)

A
  • stress exposures that are largely dependent on social status
  • low-income people employed in physically stressful jobs
101
Q

What do death rates and incidence and prevalence of disease (physical and mental) show linkage to?

A

-race and ethnicity

102
Q

Do all Indigenous people have the same health disparities?

A

-No, different groups, nations and communities face different health issues

103
Q

What is the healthy immigrant effect?

A
  • screening of immigrants before they come into Canada results in healthier immigrants initially
  • they also live longer than Canadian-born
  • however, this effect dissipates after 10 years in Canada
104
Q

Do men or women live longer?

A

-women

105
Q

What is HALE?

A

-health adjusted life expectancy

106
Q

What is the differential exposure hypothesis?

A

-women are subject to more stressors than men because of their increased domestic duties

107
Q

What is the differential vulnerability hypothesis?

A

-women are more affected by stressors than men on account of a generalized female disadvantage in social roles and coping resources

108
Q

What is a strong predictor of health status?

A

-education

109
Q

The longer life expectancies in Canada is a result of what?

A
  • public health programs
  • sanitation
  • immunization
110
Q

Who uses hospitals more?

A
  • people from lower-income and poor neighbourhoods

- but they undergo less surgery

111
Q

Define medicalization

A
  • defining a natural biological event or progression as an illness requiring medical intervention and treatment
  • menopause
112
Q

What four structural factors has Vertinsky found that contributed to limited physical activity of women?

A
  • authoritative role in medicine discouraging women from exercising
  • media and beauty standards
  • ageism
  • racial and ethnic bias
113
Q

Define hypersegregation

A

-disproportionate numbers of minority groups located in impoverished, dangerous and environmentally polluted neighbourhoods

114
Q

What are an individuals psychosocial resources?

A
  • mastery
  • self-esteem
  • social support and so forth

SOCI 365 (4 decks)

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