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SOCI 365 > SP 5, 7, 10-11 > Flashcards

SP 5, 7, 10-11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is difficult to determine about homosexuality as a concept? (2)

A
  • whether its an act or identity

- whether its occasional, regular or permanent

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2
Q

What may result in people enforcing the boundary between sexual orientations rigorously?

A

-the blurring of the line between homosexuality and heterosexuality

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3
Q

Define sexual identity?

A

-how a person perceives their sexual self

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4
Q

Why is coming out sociologically important? (2)

A
  • they may have difficulty entering the queer community

- identities are linked to someone’s social roles and responsibilities

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5
Q

Is coming out more difficult for queer POC? (2)

A
  • Yes

- because their behaviours and acts are ascribed to their racial identity

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6
Q

What did the ancient Greeks think about sexuality? (2)

A
  • men could have sex with whomever they wanted

- sex didn’t reveal a person’s sexual identity

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7
Q

Which religion spread anti-homosexual messages?

A

-Christian and Catholic Church in the 13th century

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8
Q

How have sociologists views around sexuality changed? (2)

A
  • in the past, they viewed it as a learned social behaviour

- now, essentialist beliefs, primacy to biological causes and genes

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9
Q

What happened in Toronto in 1981?

A

-Police raided bathhouse’s to criminalize homosexuality

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10
Q

What is institutional completeness?

A

-the creation of communities that are fully self-supporting and self-aware

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11
Q

What is two-spirited? (2)

A
  • fluid sexual identity

- moving beyond binary distinctions

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12
Q

Why are people with visible disabilities seen by society as asexual?

A

-prevalent heteronormative ideas about sex and what’s considered natural

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13
Q

What were disabled people subjected to by Canada?

A

-forced sterilization until 1970s

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14
Q

What does feminist disability theory think about women?

A

-disabled women face heightened inequality

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15
Q

What do structural functionalists think about sexual orientation? (2)

A
  • homosexuality and asexuality threaten traditional institutions like the family because of procreation
  • homosexual communities provide social cohesion and acceptance
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16
Q

What do conflict theorists think about homosexuality? (2)

A
  • heteronormativity makes heterosexuality acceptable and homosexuality unacceptable
  • gender binary is bad
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17
Q

What do symbolic interactionists think about homosexuality? (2)

A
  • peoples identities reflect the roles they play

- stigma is damaging and leads to impression management and secrecy

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18
Q

What do feminist theorists think about homosexuality? (2)

A
  • continuum of gender and sexuality

- people express sexualities differently across societies and cultures

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19
Q

What do social constructionists think about homosexuality? (2)

A
  • without claims-making and moral entrepreneurship, few would care about others sexuality
  • changes in the media have helped societal opinion about sexuality
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20
Q

Define heterosexism

A

-discrimination against homosexuals in favour of normalized heterosexuality

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21
Q

What is essentialism?

A

-the belief that all homosexuals have fundamentally similar characteristics

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22
Q

Define immutability

A

-under no circumstances can one change a personal feature

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23
Q

Define fundamentality

A

-a certain feature is central to someone character

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24
Q

Those who’re homophobic have what essentialist beliefs? (2)

A
  • fundamentality

- reject immutability

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25
Q

What does the attribution value theory say about prejudice and homophobia? (2)

A
  • people develop prejudices against particular groups that are seen to be morally responsible for their stigmatized behaviour
  • homophobia develops when a person believes homosexuality is both a choice and socially harmful
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26
Q

What did Herek define captured the most important aspects of homophobia? (3)

A
  • sexual stigma towards non-heterosexual behaviour
  • heterosexism
  • sexual prejudice
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27
Q

What is queering the family?

A

-the existence of same-sex partners, especially those with children

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28
Q

What normalizes the queer?

A

-same-sex families are similar to heterosexual families

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29
Q

What is significant about school and the classroom?

A

-where gender and sexuality are constructed for many

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30
Q

Queer individuals are at a higher risk of being sexually assaulted by a stranger that wants to do what?

A

-punish or change the persons orientation

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31
Q

What are factors that can create a more comfortable environment for queer people in the workplace? (4)

A
  • support from top management
  • policies to prevent discrimination
  • presence of queer networks
  • non-heterosexist organizational climate
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32
Q

What factors in the workplace contribute to a toxic environment for queer people and for them to stay in the closet? (3)

A
  • lack of racial balance
  • work teams composed mostly of men
  • having a male supervisor
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33
Q

Why was HIV not dealt with at first? (2)

A
  • only thought to concern drug users and gay men

- especially gay men of colour

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34
Q

What would a conflict theorist say about labelling HIV a gay disease?

A

-the label was the result of prejudiced straight people, the dominant group, attempting to point out the unacceptableness of homosexuality

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35
Q

What do positive portrayals of homosexual people in the media do?

A

-more favourable attitudes among heterosexuals

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36
Q

What happened in the case Vriend v. Alberta?

A

-Delwin Vriend said he was fired due to his sexual orientation and he won the case putting sexual orientation into the charter

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37
Q

How are health and illness social problems? (3)

A
  • many illnesses affect many people
  • health and healthcare resources are unequally divided
  • inequalities in health and healthcare are social problems
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38
Q

Define medical sociology

A

-field of sociology that examines the social context of health, illness and health care

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39
Q

What is the biomedical view of medicine? (3)

A
  • health is the absence of illness
  • health is a passive default state of normalcy whereas illness is an active problem in need of treatment
  • only when something goes wrong, not preventative
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40
Q

Define well-being

A

-state of existence characterized by happiness, prosperity and the satisfaction of basic human needs

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41
Q

How does the Canadian government define health?

A

-the capacity of people to adapt, respond or control life’s challenges and changes

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42
Q

What is the bio psychosocial view of health and illness?

A

-health and disease are products of the interaction of body, mind and environment and not just biology alone

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43
Q

Define epidemiology? (2)

A
  • applied science that examines cause, distribution and control of disease in a population
  • ultimate goal to prevent disease
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44
Q

Define life expectancy

A

-average number of years a person has left at a particular age, given current age-specific mortality rates

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45
Q

Why has global life expectancy increased in the last century?

A

-advances in public health, medical technology and pharmaceutical cures

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46
Q

What is the rise in life expectancies in high-income countries caused from? (2)

A
  • decline in deaths from infectious causes (exogenous)

- rise in deaths from degenerative causes (endogenous)

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47
Q

Define mortality rate

A

-the death rate associated with a given disease or population, typically measured as deaths per year per 1000 people

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48
Q

Define maternal mortality rate

A

-number of deaths of women due to complications during pregnancy, childbirth or abortion, typically measured as deaths per year per 1000 live births

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49
Q

What did Mamas 4 Mamas due to help maternal death? (3)

A
  • partnered with another charity to supply life saving medication for those with hemorrhage
  • scholarships for midwife
  • directly supporting women in labour
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50
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

-number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births

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51
Q

Define under-five mortality rate

A

-number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births

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52
Q

Define morbidity rate

A

-extent of disease in a population reported by incidence and/or prevalence

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53
Q

How can diseases be classified? (3)

A
  • endemic (constantly present)
  • epidemic (local or national outbreak)
  • pandemic (epidemic of international proportions)
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54
Q

What epidemic was called the product of globalization?

A

-SARS in 2003

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55
Q

What are the main causes for the increase in obesity? (2)

A
  • energy-dense, nutrient poor diets high in saturated fats and sugars
  • sedentary lifestyles with little physical activity or exercise
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56
Q

What is the most common measure of obesity?

A

-BMI

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57
Q

Where is obesity the worst in Canada?

A

-Atlantic Canada and Prairie

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58
Q

Why should we view obesity as a social problem and not personal failing? (3)

A
  • obese people do not lack self-control
  • culture plays a big role
  • obese or exceeding weight norms does not mean unhealthy
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59
Q

Define mental health

A

-persons ability to cope with everyday life…

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60
Q

How does health Canada define a mental disorder?

A

-alterations in thinking, mood or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning

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61
Q

What is the difference between mental disorder and mental illness?

A

-clinical diagnosing

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62
Q

How do most people believe mental disorders arise?

A

-genetic/biological, psychological and social environment factors

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63
Q

What are the leading cause of disability worldwide?

A

-mental illness and substance abuse

64
Q

Define comorbidity

A

-susceptibility of an individual with an illness to additional health problems

65
Q

What is the downward drift hypothesis about mental health and social class?

A

-mental illness prevents people from functioning effectively, resulting in poorer educational outcomes, downward social mobility and poverty

66
Q

What is the proposed social causation theory for health and social class?

A

-stresses associated with life in the lower social classes promote frustration and despair while eroding coping abilities

67
Q

What would structural functionalism say about health? (4)

A
  • health is normative and maintained by social institutions
  • health care is a social institution
  • illness is a form of deviance
  • ill people adopt a sick role
68
Q

What would conflict theorists say about health? (3)

A
  • problems in health care delivery are from a capitalist economy which sees medicine as a commodity
  • scarce resources
  • health and health care are affected by power and lack of power
69
Q

What would symbolic interactionism say about health? (3)

A
  • unique meanings and experiences are associated with diseases and labelled as sick
  • what constitutes health and sickness varies from culture to culture
  • health care issues are socially constructed notions and political objectives
70
Q

What would feminist theory say about health? (2)

A
  • gender is an important determinant of health

- women’s health has often been defined and understood on the basis of male models and male norms

71
Q

What are the social determinants of health?

A

-complex causal relationship between social, economic, political factors and population health outcomes

72
Q

What is one of the most important social determinant of health?

A

-income and income distribution

73
Q

What has caused most advancements in global population health?

A

-economic prosperity and public health programs focused on illness prevention

74
Q

Define the population health perspective

A

-focuses on social determinants of health and on societal, preventative strategies and social responses to health problems

75
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

-steps taken to prevent a disease from occurring

76
Q

What are the four steps of primary prevention? (4)

A
  • immunization
  • well-functioning public health
  • wise use of medicine
  • effort to control social causes of disease
77
Q

Define addiction

A

-socially disapproved behaviour that’s uncontrollable, repetitious and possibly harmful

78
Q

Is substance abuse still used in the DSM?

A

-no just SUD

79
Q

What behaviours are typical of someone with a SUD? (4)

A
  • failing to meet social responsibilities
  • growing physiological tolerance to the effects of the substance where people need more
  • craving the substance
  • difficulty quitting
80
Q

Define drug

A

-any substance that causes a biochemical reaction in the body

81
Q

Define drug abuse

A

-excessive or inappropriate drug use result in social impairments

82
Q

Define drug dependency

A

-the routine need for a drug for physiological and/or psychological reasons

83
Q

Define tolerance

A

-the decreased effectiveness of any given drug which is a symptom of repeated and frequent drug use

84
Q

Define medicalization (2)

A
  • the process whereby the medical profession comes to be viewed as being relevant to an ever-widening range of traditionally non-medical aspects of life
  • discovery of new diseases and problems
85
Q

What would structural functionalists think about addiction? (2)

A
  • alcohol and drug use result from social structures influence on the individual
  • common because they serve social functions
86
Q

What would social disorganization theorists think about addiction? (2)

A
  • due to rapid social change, institutions that traditionally discouraged deviant behaviour are less effective
  • breakdown in community deprives people of a sense of meaning and moral guidance
87
Q

What would Merton’s Strain (anomie) theory say about addiction? (2)

A
  • drug and alcohol abuse is the result of the mismatch between culturally defined goals and the socially approved means to get these goals
  • one adaptation to this gap is to retreat
88
Q

What would conflict theorists think about addiction? (3)

A
  • affects different socioeconomic groups differently
  • powerful capitalist members of society are in positions to determine what is legal
  • the poor tend to suffer harmful outcomes of substance abuse
89
Q

What would symbolic interactionists think about addiction? (2)

A
  • social meanings and value attached to drug and alcohol abuse and labels attached to people
  • “alcoholic”
90
Q

What is strongly linked to forms of deviant and criminal activity?

A

-using alcohol and drugs

91
Q

Who uses alcohol more?

A

-well-educated, high-income people

92
Q

Define ageism

A

-direct or indirect discrimination against people based on their age

93
Q

What is a common fear about aging people?

A

-they’re frail and need full-time care in a nursing home

94
Q

Where do most seniors live?

A

-private dwellings

95
Q

What is the life course?

A

-a patterned sequence of individual-age linked experiences over time, entrenched in social institutions and historical influences

96
Q

What are the five assumptions of the life course by Elder? (5)

A
  • human development and aging are lifelong
  • it makes a difference at what age you make a key transition
  • our lives are interdependent and have socio-historical influences on them
  • an individuals life is embedded in and shaped by historical times and places they experience
  • individuals have agency and choice
97
Q

Define longitudinal analysis

A

-observational method in which data are gathered for the same subjects over a period of time

98
Q

Define senescence (2)

A
  • biological aging of an organism as it lives beyond its maturity
  • accompanied by chemical and organic changes
99
Q

Define age pyramid

A

-graphic depiction of the age composition of a population

100
Q

What does age stratification theory focus on?

A

-how social structures affect individual aging and the stratification of people by age

101
Q

Structural functionalism and aging (3)

A
  • all elements in society are inter-related
  • disengagement theory accounts for the relegation of older people to the sidelines of society
  • retirement serves several functions
102
Q

Conflict theory and aging (3)

A
  • conflict and change are features of social life
  • age-related discrimination doesn’t benefit society
  • older people are pushed out of the workforce
103
Q

Symbolic interactionism and aging (4)

A
  • social life involves continued interaction
  • socially constructed definitions of age and aging
  • roles as they age
  • media reenforces stereotypes
104
Q

Feminist theory and aging (2)

A
  • aging affects men and women differently

- women provide care in aging and men receive it

105
Q

Social constructionism and aging (2)

A
  • views of aging are shaped by moral entrepreneurship

- propagated by mass media

106
Q

Define disengagement theory

A

-theory that as people age they voluntarily and normally remove themselves from activities and social contacts to ease their passage into a less active lifestyle

107
Q

Why has the feminization of poverty shown signs of slowing? (2)

A
  • more and more Canadians have been saving for old age

- because they recognize baby boomers will strain old age help

108
Q

Define intragenerational mobility

A

-mobility between labour market positions within individual careers

109
Q

What has increased intragenerational mobility upwards relied on? (2)

A
  • continued economic growth

- continued elimination of older workers through death or retirement

110
Q

Why has upward mobility changed in recent years? (3)

A
  • decline in economic growth
  • lengthening of the average lifespan
  • elimination of compulsory retirement
111
Q

How are careers and aging correlated?

A

-most intragenerational mobility is based on seniority

112
Q

What do internal labour markets do?

A

-impose a high degree of control over who enters an organization, at what level, through what stages people move and at what rate

113
Q

What altered career mobility? (3)

A
  • industrial growth
  • differentiation
  • rise of achievement as a basic for ranking
114
Q

What has technology resulted in for aging?

A

-pushing people out of their careers

115
Q

What is inheritance?

A

-downward flow of property after death

116
Q

Define primogeniture

A

-system of inheritance in which only one child, the oldest son, inherits all the family property from the death of his parents

117
Q

Define filial responsibility

A

-moral responsibility of a grown child to look after aging parents

118
Q

What is wealth?

A

-property, savings, stock and private pensions

119
Q

Why, according to the OECD, have younger generations become more dependent on inheritance?

A

-rising cost of home ownership combined with rising income inequality and low wages

120
Q

Define sandwich-generation

A

-middle-aged adults caring for both older parents and their own young children

121
Q

What four types of social support help to reduce the stress on older individuals (4)

A
  • informational
  • tangible
  • emotional
  • integrating
122
Q

What is empty nest syndrome?

A

-when children leave home for marriage or university

123
Q

What is the largest lobbying group for older people?

A

-Canadian Association for retired persons CARP

124
Q

How would a constructionist perspective look at old age?

A

-as a culturally arbitrary category

125
Q

Define ascribed status (3)

A
  • statuses assigned to people because of traits beyond their control
  • without regard to achieved merit
  • sex, race, ethnic background
126
Q

Define achieved statuses

A

-social statuses that aren’t inborn but are the rest of effort and accomplishment

127
Q

Define social mobility

A

-the movement between different positions within the system of social stratification in any society

128
Q

Define intragenerational occupational mobility

A

-changes in someone’s occupational mobility throughout their lifetime

129
Q

What is education especially important for?

A

-intragenerational occupational mobility

130
Q

What four major theories help us understand the young adult’s transition from school into the labour force? (4)

A
  • segmented labour market theory
  • human capital theory
  • signalling theory
  • network theory
131
Q

What is segmented labour market theory? (2)

A
  • the labour market Is stratified and entry and upward mobility are difficult for people with only a high school education
  • people with certain education are pushed into areas of the workforce and excluded from others
132
Q

What is human capital theory?

A

-proposes a linear relationship between education and job attainment

133
Q

What is signalling theory? (2)

A
  • refers to symbolic meanings attached to different attainments on a persons resume
  • employers decoding of signals in assessing the potential worth and trainability of a young employee
134
Q

What is network theory?

A

-the importance of social networks and social capital in gaining employment

135
Q

Define the primary labour market

A

-high-paying jobs that provide good chances to get ahead and offer job security

136
Q

Define secondary (marginal) labour market

A

-high-turnover, low-paying and unstable or insecure employment

137
Q

Define intergenerational elasticities (2)

A
  • elasticity is the degree to which changing one variable changes another
  • a low intergenerational income elasticity means that social class is less persistent and more amenable to change from one generation to the next
138
Q

Define racialization (2)

A
  • an imposition of unwanted racial identities on minorities

- residential schools

139
Q

How did Canada do with education compared to other OECD countries?

A

-standardized tests showed Canada falling behind many European and East Asian jurisdictions on desired educational outcomes

140
Q

What are the intended or formal functions of school?

A

-socialization, assimilation, transmission of knowledge, social control, change and innovation

141
Q

Define credentialism

A

-process of social selection that gives class advantage and social status to people who possess academic advantage

142
Q

Define credential inflation

A

-tendency of schools to provide and employers to demand ever-more schooling and ever-higher credentials for work that hasn’t become more demanding or complex

143
Q

What have contemporary school system contributed to? (2)

A
  • credential inflation

- modern education devalues educational credentials

144
Q

Define professionalization

A

-process by which an occupation raises its standing by limiting the number of entrants and regulating behaviour

145
Q

What does the demand for more credentials or particular credentials result in?

A

-professionalization

146
Q

Define overeducation

A

-education beyond what’s actually needed to perform employment roles and functions successfully

147
Q

Canada has one of the highest rates of post-secondary attendance in the world but what is not occurring?

A
  • Canada’s workforce is not being used to their full potential
  • over-qualification
148
Q

How do Dorn, Bowen and Blau divide student dropouts? (3)

A
  • drop out
  • pullout
  • push out
149
Q

What are drop-out theories?

A

-focus on students who find themselves unable to cope intellectually with Schoo material

150
Q

What are pullout theories?

A

-class-based and focus on students who withdraw from schooling because of financial problems

151
Q

What are push out theories?

A

-focus on the school and community as contextual factors that influence high school dropout rates

152
Q

Define bullying

A

-any form of repeated aggression marked by an observable power differential between individuals

153
Q

What are the important elements that capture bullying’s complexity? (2)

A
  • aggressive or assertive behaviour that’s imposed from a position of dominance or power
  • must be repetitive to be influential
154
Q

What are the ways bullying is expressed?

A

-covert and overt

155
Q

Define cyberbullying

A

-technological extension of physical bullying occurring when an individual uses information technology to hurt someone else

156
Q

What do many agree is the most influential factor in terms of student achievement?

A

-teacher quality

SOCI 365 (4 decks)

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