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SOCI 365 > USI Ch 1-4 > Flashcards

USI Ch 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define social inequality

A

-relatively long lasting differences among people that have implications

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2
Q

Define structures of inequality

A

-patterns of advantage and disadvantage that are durable but penetrable

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3
Q

Define privilege

A

-those in positions of power act to maintain their advantage and reproduce the structures of inequality

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4
Q

Define social time

A

-issues of generation and the life course

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5
Q

What does the book’s perspective say we need to understand social inequality? (3)

A
  • social structure
  • human agency
  • social time
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6
Q

Define social structure

A

-long lasting patterned relationships among the elements of society

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7
Q

What do structural functionalists see society as?

A
  • all-encompassing social structure

- can be decomposed into substructures

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8
Q

Define stratification

A

-individuals can be ranked according to socially desirable traits

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9
Q

Define critical approaches (3)

A
  • assume that social relations, especially class relations, are the fundamental element of the social structure
  • characterized by conflict more than consensus
  • sometimes informed by Marx
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10
Q

Define low-income cut offs (LICO)

A

-level at which a family spends 63.9% or more of there income on food, shelter and clothing

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11
Q

Define low-income measure (LIM)

A

-relative measure of low income set at 50% of the adjusted mean household income

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12
Q

Define market-based measure (MBM)

A

-absolute measure of poverty showing the level of income where a household can’t purchase goods or essential services

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13
Q

Define social relations

A
  • fundamental elements of the social structure

- structural relations and reflect power differences among groups

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14
Q

Is Marx more concerned with the relationships among people or resource distribution?

A

-relationships

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15
Q

How does Marx define class?

A

-social relations that connect people to resources associated with means of production

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16
Q

What themes does Erik Wright help us identify within Marx’s work?

A

-social class is based in productive relations and conceptualized in relational terms

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17
Q

What is a central dimension of Wright’s approach to class analysis?

A

-exploitation

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18
Q

What principles does Wright say form the basis of class exploitation?

A
  • inverse interdependence principle
  • exclusion principle
  • appropriation principle
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19
Q

According to Wright, when did exploitation exist?

A

-when all three principles happened simultaneously

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20
Q

If one of the principles but not all were met, what did Wright say was happening?

A

-non-exploitative economic oppression

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21
Q

What two key concepts did Wright integrate to deal with the problem of the middle-class?

A
  • authority and skill

- emphasis on wage within both

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22
Q

How did Weber feel about Marx?

A
  • some say he rejected all his ideas

- some say he grew off some of the ideas and rejected others

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23
Q

What central Marx ideas are found in Weber’s writing?

A
  • class consciousness
  • class conflict
  • class interest
  • importance of property ownership in assessment of class
24
Q

What three types of classes did Weber see?

A

-property, income and social classes

25
Q

What is a social class as defined by Weber?

A
  • combination of class situations created by property and income
  • mobility is typical
26
Q

What were the four main social classes defined by Weber?

A
  • classes privileged by property or education
  • propertyless people
  • petite bourgeoisie
  • working class
27
Q

What are parties and status groups according to Weber?

A

-pillars of social power

28
Q

What does Weber mean by parties?

A

-voluntary associations that organize for collective interests

29
Q

What does Weber mean by status group?

A

-individuals who share a common status situation

30
Q

What is central to class analysis according to Weber?

A

-status groups and parties are analytically distinct from classes but are central to class analysis

31
Q

What does Weber mean by status situations?

A
  • related to class situations

- refer to social status, prestige, and esteem that are associated with a social position

32
Q

How did Marx and Weber disagree on how people attained power?

A
  • Marx believed power is held by those who own the means of production
  • Weber believes power is held by those in high-status groups through their social position
33
Q

What types of domination and authority did Weber define?

A
  • traditional authority
  • legal authority
  • charismatic authority
34
Q

What three themes in Weber’s concept of class separate his work from Marx?

A
  • classes, class situations, parties and status groups must all be considered to understand class structures
  • power is multi-faceted and can be derived from many sources
  • focuses more on distributional issues
35
Q

What does Weber and Parkin mean by social closure?

A

-processes through which groups restrict access to resources and opportunities to people in a group

36
Q

What does Parkin’s think classes should be defined as?

A

-their relation to their modes of social closure

37
Q

What is central to Parkin’s framework?

A

-the role of the state in legitimizing social closure

38
Q

What does Parkins mean by credentialism?

A

-inflated use of educational certificates to monitor entry into key positions in the division of labour

39
Q

What are the means through which social closure is invoked according to Parkins?

A
  • exclusion

- credentialism

40
Q

What is Goldthorpe’s schema heavily organized by?

A
  • employment relationships to service and labour contracts

- classed are organized by skill level

41
Q

What does Grabb describe as the 3 means of power?

A
  • control of material resources
  • control of people
  • control of ideas
42
Q

What do both Parkin’s and Grabb do well?

A

-emphasizing the dualism between structure and human agency

43
Q

How does Grabb define class?

A

-basis of ownership, education and occupation

44
Q

According to Grabb, how are the means of power distributed?

A

-along class lines

45
Q

What was the foundation for Inglehart’s postmaterial thesis?

A

-economic security had reduced the importance of economic issues and class conflict after the Second World War

46
Q

What is the post materialist thesis?

A
  • everyone has become affluent enough

- no longer worry about poverty, inequality and economic wellbeing

47
Q

What three processes are critical for individual and societal survival?

A

-production, distribution and reproduction

48
Q

Define Bourgeoisie

A

-class that owns the means of production

49
Q

Define domination

A

-power relationship in which inequality is established and the subordinate group accepts that positions and obeys the dominant group

50
Q

Define exploitation

A
  • heart of Marxist sociology
  • situation under capitalism where the bourgeoisie take advantage of the proletariat
  • the bourgeoisie appropriates the labour of proletariat for their own material advantage
51
Q

Define labour power

A

-the capacity to work

52
Q

Define petit bourgeoisie

A
  • those who own the products of their labour and don’t exploit the labour power of other
  • self-employed
53
Q

Define power for Marx

A

-social relationship that has a material base

54
Q

Define power for Weber

A

-individual or groups capacity to impose their will on others

55
Q

Define power resources

A

-traits that give workers the ability to punish or reward other workers

SOCI 365 (4 decks)

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