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Exam > Use of Force > Flashcards

Use of Force Flashcards

1
Q

Excited Delirium

A

A state of extreme mental and physiological excitement, characterized by extreme agitation, hyperthermia, hostility, exceptional strength and endurance without apparent fatigue

Delirium - acute transient disturbance in consciousness, orientation, or cognition

Excited Delirium - Delirium combined with combative, agitated, violent behavior

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2
Q

How should an individual displaying signs of excited delirium be handled?

A

Respond with containment and quick, coordinated, multiple-officer restraint techniques that minimize the suspect’s exertion and maximize their ability to breathe. This approach will also help expedite monitoring of vitals and handing off to EMS for immediate medical intervention

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3
Q

How effective are intervention options with individual experiencing excited delirium?

A

Intervention options are less effective against people experiencing excited delirium. Unfortunately, this may mean more force will be necessary to overcome resistance, and with more force, there is an increased risk of officer and suspect injury

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4
Q

What causes excited delirium?

A

Usually stimulant type drugs such as cocaine, methampthetamine, and medication non-adherance in psychiatric patients

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5
Q

What are the risks associated with prolonged exposure to the Conducted Energy Weapons / Electronic Control Weapons?

A

greater risk of potential cumulative physiologic, metabolic, and other effects

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6
Q

What is a CEW / ECW?

A
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7
Q

What is the risk causing or contributing to a cardiac arrest?

A

Very low

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8
Q

What are the key risk factors related to CEW Cardiac Risks?

A

Dart to heart
Amount of delivered electrical charge

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9
Q

What physiologic and metabolic effects can a CEW cause to the body?

A

Blood chemistry
heart rate, rhythm
Blood pressure
respiration
Adrenaline and stress hormones

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10
Q

Officers should avoid repeated or continuous CEW exposures unless necessary to counter an immediate threat (T or F)

A

True. Use the shortest duration possible

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11
Q

What is a CEW and how does it work?

A

A conducted electrical weapon works by firing two electrodes into the body which, when effective connection has been made, will stimulate the motor nerves and cause neuromuscular incapacitation (effects both the sensory and motor system)

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12
Q

What does the sensory system do?

A

Brings information from the body to the brain

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13
Q

What does the motor system do?

A

Carries commands from the brain to the body’s muscles

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14
Q

What is neuromuscular incapacitation?

A

There are different levels ranging from limited to significant (total body lock up).

It causes uncontrollable muscle contractions and reduced ability to perform voluntary movements

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15
Q

What is a CEW?

A

Less than lethal, conducted energy weapon that works by firing two probes through a cartridge, propelled by compressed nitrogen, and attached to insulated conductive wires. The taser 7 conducts electrical impulses through those wires at up to 44 impulses a second that affect the sensory and motor functions of the nervous system. Basically causes involuntary muscle contractions

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16
Q

Can civilians possess a taser in CT?

A

Legal in US except for RI. At home yes. Can carry if you are age 21 and older if they
possess a valid firearm credential (i.e., a handgun or long gun eligibility certificate, permit to carry
or sell handguns, or ammunition certificate)

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17
Q

What is a reportable use of force to the state of CT?

A

Any physical force that is likely to cause serious physical injury or death to person

This includes
Open and closed hand strikes
Kicks
OC Spray (oleoresin capsicum)
Electronic defense weapons CEW
Baton strikes
Chokehold or neck restraints
Discharging or pointing a firearm at another person

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18
Q

What are some examples of reportable uses of force to the state of Connecticut

A

Strikes with and open or closed hand, elbows, knees, clubs or baton
Kicking a person
OC Spray (pepper spray)
Electronic defense weapons or less lethal projectiles
Chokeholds or neck restraints
Pointing or discharging a firearm

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19
Q

What is OC Spray?
How is it used?

A

It is an inflammatory agent propelled from an small handheld canister as a less lethal force option. It is a skin, eyes, and respiratory irritant.

Typically used at close distances in short 1-3 second bursts.
Longer distances from the officer to the subject may include longer bursts

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20
Q

What is the active ingredient in OC Spray?

A

Oleoresin - a mixture resin and essential oil that occurs naturally in various plants

Capsicum - Any of several varieties of the pepper with a pungent fleshy pods

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21
Q

What are the effects of OC Spray on eyes?

A

Opening and closing, or shut completely
Burning sensation
Redness
Mucous membranes swell

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22
Q

What kind of OC spray do we use?

A

There are a number of different OC Sprays made available to LE. We use Sabre Red Crossfire (about 1.5oz cans) which is delivered via stream (as opposed to a cone, foam, gel, or fogger)
Non-Flammable HOWEVER our policy states that it may not be used around a flame, flammable material, or in conjunction with a CEW

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23
Q

What are the effects of OC Spray on the Skin?

A

Hot
Red
Mucous membranes swell (eyes, nose, lips, mouth)

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24
Q

What are the effects of OC Spray on the resipiratory system?

A

Respiratory tract can become inflamed
Coughing / Gagging
Gasping for breath
These affects can trigger a panic response

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the UOF Review Team

A

Ultimately, our job is as a review team and trainers is improve peak performance on the street, accuracy in investigations, and help provide an understanding in the pressurized and emotional events.

To conduct an analysis (individually and collectively) of all incidents involving the UOF by officers from this agency. To reveal patterns or trends that could indicate:
Training needs
Equipment upgrades
Policy modifications
AND any trends, patterns or issues related to
Types of encounters involving a subjects race, age, gender
Individuals officers or shifts

We also offer consultation during UOF reviews and insight into force science factors used to evaluate the use of force

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26
Q

Define positional asphyxia

A

sustained abnormal position that impedes the upper airway or chest such that ventilation is impaired over a protracted period of time.

27
Q

What are the types of firearms used in the field?

A

Handgun - P320 X Carry equipped with a Romeo 1 Pro reflex sight (red dot)
Rifle - AR15 variants, at a minimum all rifles are equipped with a sighting system (iron or red dot), flashlight, and sling. Other enhancements are permitted after inspection by the firearms unit and installation by a certified armorer. Those modifications are primarily sighting systems such as reflex sights (red dots) and other ergonomic enhancements

28
Q

What are red dot systems and why are the used?

A

Shooting with traditional iron sights (in the early days of firearms, the beads of a sighting systems were made of iron). Firearms equipped with a red dot sighting system (reflex vs holographic) all have backup sights (iron sights) should they fail.

Basically a red dot is emitted onto a piece of glass of the optic which reflects only red light. This creates a single focal plane. The reticle is then superimposed on your target with both eyes open. This allows the individual to remain target focused. With traditional sighting systems the question is, when the decision to fire has been made, what is the officer focusing on? (the threat or their sights).

With iron sights, you much physically align the rear sight with the front sight to achieve sight alignment, then physically place said sight picture over your target (referred to as sight picture). To do so, the majority of individuals need to close one eye to accomplish this.

Furthermore, a human being is only capable of focusing on 1-3 degrees of visually angle (front sight post), so the question is, what are they focused on.

29
Q

Holographic vs reflex sighting systems

A

Reflex sights an emitter projects a dot onto a piece of glass that is only capable of reflecting that

Holographic sights project a holographic reticle within a reflective 3 dimensional space

Most of these sights are parallax free

30
Q

If these optics are parrallax-free, what is parrallax?

A

The apparent displacement of an observed object due to a change in the position of the observer. A good analogy would be looking at the speedometer of a vehicle from the passenger seat.

31
Q

What type of pistol ammunition is used? Why?

A

Speer Gold Dot 9mm124grain GDHP
Reliable used for controlled penetration
Gold Dot Hollow Point
The lead projective is chemical bonded to the copper jacket, reducing separation of the two metals upon impact
Uniform expansion on impact. Expansion allows a more effective hit on target without over penetrating past the intended threat

32
Q

What type of rifle ammunition is used? Why?

A

Federal T223e .223 55 grain BTHP
Reliable, used for controlled penetration
Boat Tail Hollow Point
The boat tail is used for reducing drag in external ballistics (think about the stern of a boat) it raises the bullets ballistic coefficient which allows it maintain its velocity and energy at long ranges
The lead projectile is chemical bonded to the copper jacket, reducing separation of the two metals upon impact
Uniform expansion upon impact. Good penetration qualities, without over penetration

33
Q

How many rounds of pistol ammunition do officers carry?

A

Patrol carries specifically three magazines, 17rds each, 1 in the chamber , for a total 52rds on their person.

34
Q

How many rifle rounds do officers carry on their person?

A

Any officer that is patrol rifle certified carries, at a minimum, 54rds. They may carry more. Each magazine, high capacity, can carry up to 30rds, but may only put 28rds in each due to mechanical issues.

It is important to know how many rds an officer carries on their person so that that in the event of discharge of a firearm, accountability of each rd will be easier.

Inspections on pistols, ammunition, and magazines are conducted on ammunition are conducted on quarterly basis by supervisors and certified firearms instructions and armorers

35
Q

Why is training so important?

A

Tools -There are tools and decision making. We need to be able to run all tools at a level of non-conscious competence.

Decision making / use of tools:
We need to build the appropriate automatic behavioral response in officers.

Almost everything we do is automatic and we have very little specific awareness of exactly how we did it.

Procedural Memory - Unconscious behavior - 74%

We need to build the appropriate automatic behavioral responses in officers.

36
Q

Why do officers carry so many rounds?

A

We need to preface this with why an officer would shoot. “to stop the threat.” How many of those are misses? How many are effective hits?

A recent study. The donor/popovich study of about 135 OIS showed that officers had about a 35% hit ratio. That is 6/10 rounds that actually struck their intended target. Again, we must remember that these are statistics and their so many independent incident variables.

There have been shooting where it has taken over ten rounds striking a subject in order to stop a threat

E.g. in hypothetical situation, but based on previously recorded firefights,… during a one minute gun fight, an officer and suspect (depending on their equipment) can easily fire more than 50rds in a minute.

37
Q

Selective attention

A

When we focus or fixate on something (for at least .10 of a sec) at the exclusion of all us. Most commonly known as “tunnel vision.”

If your are fixated on an object (at 1-3 degrees of visual angle) you are suppressing all other irrelevant information (or what your brain perceives to be irrelevant)

38
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Brain focuses on one item at the exclusion of all else
Also called sensory gating. too much focus on one sensory function
Often used by defense attorneys representing police when critical events are missed while in pursuit of someone
Prosecuting attorneys claim they’re lying

39
Q

How often do officers train?

A

Training is ongoing. For example, in
November 2022 Firearms
December 2022 Use of Force
January CEW (Taser)
February Make up training dates (firearms, use of force, Taser)
March OC Spray
Baton
Handcuffing
Defensive Tactics (jiu-jitsu based)
April CPR
Use of force
May Make up training dates (CPR Use of Force)
June Annual online training begins again
July Rifle Training
August Make up training dates for rifle training
September Nothing scheduled as of this time
October Pistol Training
November Make up pistol training
December Nothing scheduled as of this time

Should we have the staffing for a 5/3 schedule, we would be able to conduct shorter and more frequent training which would allow officers maintain their skills throughout the year. This is opposed to “block and silo” training (long day of training, once a year)

40
Q

What is mental processing time?

A

Sensation - has to at least see what it is I’m looking at
Perception & Recognition - bring in info to brain/make sense of it
Situational Awareness - Where is everything in relation to space and time. Temporal lobes updating information
Response Selection - final selection of action

41
Q

What is hicks/hyman law?

A

The more stimuli a person is presented with, the longer it takes to make a decision. This is why officers will commonly use a heuristic (mental shortcut)

42
Q

What happens to the brain during a traumatic incident?

A

The brain’s thinking and emotional regulation center is under activated. The brains fear center (amygdala) is over active AKA hyperactive amygdala

43
Q

Define reaction time

A

The time between a stimulus and a response, about .25 seconds

44
Q

How should officers train?

A

Distributed learning - same time on task, but distributed over time, often with variable or randomized skill organization

45
Q

Why is block and silo training not recommended?

A

Retention is a major issue. We need to provide training at regular intervals that encourages this behavior and create an environment where officers can make mistakes, and give opportunity to learn from those mistakes.

46
Q

What is the average shot cadence?

A

.25 sec.

47
Q

An individual who is running and shooting can turn 180 degrees in fire a shot in how long?

A

.18 sec

48
Q

What is the average reaction time to an unknown stimulus?
(greens traffic study)

A

1.4-1.6 sec
See it, makes sense of it, and react

49
Q

What is the average reaction time to a known stimulus

A

.6- to .8 sec

50
Q

At about 5 feet, how long would it take for a subject to close the distance in order to stab a or slice an officer with an edged weapon

A

1/3 sec
or .333333

51
Q

What is fixation?

A

a stable gaze on a object held for at least .10 of a sec

52
Q

What are heuristics?

Give an everyday example
Officer example

A

Mental shortcuts. Allows officers to solve problems and make judgements quickly and effectively.

More instinctive / automatic decision making opposed to a complex decision which requires slower / more critical thought

There can be drawbacks such as cognitive biases, but if your aware of your biases, this can lead to better decision making

Useful when an individual experiences a heavy cognitive load. The outcome may not be optimal, but work well in situations where speed matters more than precision.

Person driving an expensive car: rich
Dirty, torn clothing: poor
A potentially dangerous situation/person, an indivisible quickly reaches underneath his shirt in the front of his waist

53
Q

What does parafoveal vision do and how far does it extend?

A

2-10 degrees

54
Q

What does ambient vision do and how far does it extend?

A

10 -180 degrees

55
Q

Bio

A

We make up the the use of force review team. I also am a POSTC certified use of force instructor, and I hold a certification as a force science analyst under the force science institute.
As a trainer in the use of force I also provide instruction for the disciplines of firearms, defensive tactics, and less lethal force option, to include the CEW aka taser.

56
Q

As the use of force review team, what we have done we analyzed?

A

We have been tasked with reviewing and analyzing all department incidents involving reportable use of force by officers at our agency. I

57
Q

Define excessive force

A

Any force that is objectively unreasonable under the circumstances and exceeding what is necessary effect an arrest or protect a person or the officer

58
Q

Define force

A

“Physical Force” means any intentional contact used upon or directed toward the body of another person, including restraint and confinement.

59
Q

What is a force science analyst?

A

Simply said, it is a lot like accident reconstruction for the use of force. Analysts are trained to recognize psychological, biological, and physiological factors that can affect behavior and memory.

60
Q

Psychological

A

Focusing on the human mind, thoughts, stress, and behavior

61
Q

Biological

A

Broad term that includes physiology and behavior

62
Q

Physiological

A

The mechanisms of the human body and how it works

63
Q

Examples of physiology

A

As it pertains to force science, the human anatomy to include the skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, and muscular system

64
Q

What are biomechanics?

A

science of movement and how the body works
momentum
force
levers
balance
motion

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