Use of Biological Resources Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Describe the stages by which a bacterium can be genetically modified to produce large amounts of a human protein

A

1) restriction enzyme cuts the human DNA at specific sites
2) use same restriction enzyme to cut DNA out of the plasmid
3) ligase joins the human DNA onto the vector (plasmid)
4) the recombinant DNA will now code for the human protein (e.g. insulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

The DNA from two different organisms combined that results from genetic modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a transgenic organism?

A

An organism which receives a gene from a different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small pieces of circular DNA found in bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

Cut DNA molecules at specific points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does ligase do?

A

Joins cut pieces of DNA together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are plasmids and viruses called vectors?

A

Because they are means of transferring the gene as they take up pieces of DNA and then this recombinant DNA can be inserted into other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How could genetically modifying plants be advantageous?

A

1) increased resistance to pests and pathogens
2) increases heat and drought tolerance
3) increases salt tolerance
4) more nutritious crop plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the potential problems with genetically modifying plants?

A

1) crops are expensive (and most desperately needed in poorer countries)
2) some people are concerned about the effect of investing genetically modified plants
3) concerns about genetically modified plants interbreeding with wild plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals

A

1) remove nucleus from egg
2) nucleus from adult cell inserted into enucleated egg cell
3) electricity provides shock to prompt the zygote to start cell division
4) mitosis causes embryo to develop
5) cell implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is meant by the term selective breeding?

A

Humans breeding organisms with desired characteristics over many generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an explanat?

A

A small fragment of plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe how fish waste helps plants to grow

A

1) bacteria decompose the waste
2) mineral ions are released
3) nitrate provides amino acids/proteins
4) respiration by bacteria releases carbon dioxide which allows the plants to photosynthesise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain how adding antibiotics could help to maintain water quality

A

1) kill bacteria

2) less disease/infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain how the removal of fish waste helps to maintain water quality

A

1) remove bacteria
2) less decomposition and less respiration
3) maintain oxygen levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Suggest why fish farming is better than transitional farming

A

1) control quality of fish
2) can selectively breed
3) reduce overfishing
4) available all year round
5) safer (less risk for fishermen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are bottles sterilised in the production of beer?

A

Steam/radiation/high temperature/disinfectant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is it important for bottles used in the production of beer to be sterilised?

A

Remove pathogens/bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why does the number of yeast cells decrease towards the end of the bear production process?

A

1) less glucose

2) increase in ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe how the process of micropropagation could be used to produce plants with desirable characteristics

A

1) explants
2) small pieces of tissue/plant
3) agar jelly
4) contains nutrients/amino acids/glucose
5) plant hormones
6) minerals
7) sterile
8) control light
9) control humidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give advantages of using micropropagation rather than using seeds

A

1) quick
2) many produced
3) any time of year
4) genetically identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe how selective breeding can be used to produce animals with a certain characteristic

A

1) select animal with desired characteristic
2) breed
3) use offspring with the desires characteristic
4) repeat process

23
Q

Suggest advantages of using embryo cloning rather than selective breeding

A

1) offspring are genetically identical
2) faster process
3) more produced
4) no need for mating

24
Q

Give an example of a desired characteristic in a named plant

A

Short stem in wheat

25
Q

How is natural selection different from selective breeding?

A

1) humans not involved
2) slower process (more generations)
3) involves survival of the fittest

26
Q

What is a cloned organism?

A

An organism which is genetically identical

27
Q

What are the advances of cloning organs as opposed to organ donation?

A

1) no shortage
2) no rejection (accepted by body)
3) no problems with relatives

28
Q

What does micropropagation produce?

A

Large numbers of genetically identical plants

29
Q

How can microorganisms in the soil increase growth?

A

1) decomposition

2) minerals

30
Q

What is a weed?

A

An unwanted plant

31
Q

Explain the methods used to produce large numbers of fish in fish farms

A

1) control intraspecific predation (separate sizes)
2) control interspecific predation (killing predators)
3) control disease (use antibiotics)
4) control oxygen (remove waste products)
5) frequent feeding
6) selective breeding

32
Q

How can microorganisms in the soil decrease growth?

A

1) infection

2) pathogen

33
Q

How can polyethene tunnels and glasshouses increase the yield of certain crops?

A

1) glass or polyethene gives ‘greenhouse’ effect
2) warms up the growing area
3) increases the rate of photosynthesis

34
Q

How do fertilisers increase crop yield?

A

Return nitrates and other minerals to the soil so plants have all the nutrients they need to grow as quickly as possible

35
Q

What are the advantage and disadvantages of using pesticides?

A

ADVANTAGES:
1) very effective at killing pests so prevent damage or crops
DISADVANTAGES:
1) expensive
2) pests can become resistant to them
3) can cause environmental damage
4) kill useful insects as well (e.g. pollinating insects)

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of using biological control?

A

Never completely gets rid of the pests

37
Q

What is meant by the term enucleated?

A

Removal of nucleus (no nucleus)

38
Q

explain the function of the paddles in a fermenter

A

1) distribute food/nutrients for growth
2) distribute oxygen for respiration
3) even out temperature/distribute heat for enzymes

39
Q

explain why the pH in a fermenter needs to be controlled

A

1) optimum pH for enzymes

2) prevent denaturation of enzymes

40
Q

what are some useful products which can be made in a fermenter?

A

1) insulin

2) antibiotics

41
Q

explain two changes that need to be made to the design of a fermenter so it can be used to produce biogas by anaerobic fermentation

A

1) stop air supply / stop oxygen supply;

2) open pressure release valve/have exit pipe for biogas

42
Q

Describe how an acidic pH in a fermentor affects the production of human insulin

A

1) less insulin/less production
2) fewer bacteria
3) enzymes
4) not optimum pH
5) denatured

43
Q

Describe and explain the conditions needed to successfully grow large numbers of algae

A

1) magnesium for chlorophyll
2) nitrate for amino acids/proteins
3) minerals
4) sun light
5) carbon dioxide
6) warmth to provide optimum temperature for enzymes

44
Q

What is meant by the term transgenic?

A

Contains a gene from a different species

45
Q

Suggest the advantages of reproducing an animal via cloning

A

1) genetically identical offspring

2) more sheep produced faster

46
Q

Explain how temperature is controlled in a fermentor

A

1) temperature recorder

2) water cooling jacket

47
Q

Explain why temperature must be controlled in a fermentor

A

1) respiration produces heat
2) enzymes become denatured
3) maintain optimum temperature for best growth
4) microorganisms killed of temp is too high

48
Q

suggest how the tissue samples used in micropropogation are removed and transferred to the agar medium

A

1) cut with scalpel
2) transfer with tweezers
3) sterile apparatus and samples;

49
Q

suggest three precautions needed to ensure healthy growth of the plants in micropropogation

A

1) sterile conditions and apparatus
2) temperature/warmth
3) sunlight
4) humidity/water
5) plant growth regulators

50
Q

Suggest why milk is cooled before the live yoghurt is added to it

A

1) prevent killing the bacteria (lactobacillus)

2) prevent enzyme denaturation

51
Q

What is the substrate used in the production of yoghurt?

A

Lactose

52
Q

What is the chemical product of yoghurt production?

A

Lactic acid

53
Q

Describe the process of yoghurt production

A

1) milk is pasteurised for 30 minutes at 90C
2) milk is homogenised
3) milk is cooled to 45C
4) lactobacillus is added to the milk
5) mixture is incubated at this temperature for several hours, while bacteria digest milk proteins and ferment lactose to lactic acid
6) thickened yoghurt is cooled to 5C

54
Q

Why are microorganisms so useful in industrial processes?

A

1) they are relatively cheap
2) conditions they need are easy to maintain
3) they reproduce themselves