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Biology > Coordination and Response > Flashcards

Coordination and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A directional response by plants to stimuli in their environment (positive=towards and negative=away)

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2
Q

What is the geotrophic response of roots?

A

Positive geotropism (towards gravity)

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3
Q

What is the geotrophic response of stems?

A

Negative geotropism (away from gravity)

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4
Q

Describe the phototrophic response of stems

A

The stem of a plant grows towards light (positive phototropism). Plants grow towards the light through the use of the hormone auxin. Auxin diffuses towards the shaded sign of a plant, causing cell elongation.

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5
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in an organism’s environment

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6
Q

What is the sequence of events leading up to a response?

A

1) stimulus
2) receptor
3) coordination
4) effector
5) response

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7
Q

What is transduction?

A

The change of energy from one form to another (all receptors are transducers)

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8
Q

What is the role of receptors?

A

To detect the stimulus by changing its energy into the electrical energy of impulse

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9
Q

What is the difference between nervous and hormonal communication?

A

1) response is more short lived in nervous system compared to the hormonal system
2) nervous system works by nerve impulses transmitted through nerve cells whereas hormonal system operates by hormones transmitted through the blood
3) nerve impulses travel faster than hormones
4) nervous system has a localised effect whereas hormones are more widespread

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10
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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11
Q

What does a motor neurone do?

A

Transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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12
Q

What does a sensory neurone do?

A

Transmits nerve impulses from the muscles and glands to the CNS

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13
Q

What are dendrons?

A

Cytoplasmic extensions of the neurone cell body

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14
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Finer cytoplasmic extensions of the dense on which can join to other neurones

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15
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Insulating fatty layer that covers the axon and speeds up the conduction of impulses

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16
Q

What are reflex arcs?

A

Involuntary, fast, preprogrammed responses to stimuli

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17
Q

What is the source of ADH?

A

Pituitary gland

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18
Q

What is the source of adrenaline?

A

Adrenal glands

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19
Q

What is the source of insulin?

A

Pancreas

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20
Q

What is the source of glucagon?

A

Pancreas

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21
Q

What is the source of testosterone?

A

Testes

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22
Q

What is the source of progesterone?

A

Ovaries

23
Q

What is the source of oestrogen?

A

Ovaries

24
Q

What is the role of ADH?

A

Control the water content of the blood

25
Q

What is the role of adrenaline?

A

Prepare the body for action

26
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

Lower blood glucose levels

27
Q

What is the role of glucagon?

A

Increase blood glucose levels

28
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A

Controls the développement of male secondary sexual characteristics

29
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Regulates the mistrial cycle

30
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics

31
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline?

A

prepares the body for action by…

1) Increasing the breathing rate so get more oxygen into the body and remove excess carbon dioxide
2) Increasing the heart rate to supply the muscles with more oxygen and glucose for respiration and remove waste products
3) Diverting blood from the digestive system to the muscles
4) Converting glycogen in the liver into glucose in the blood
5) Increasing mental awareness so reactions are faster
6) Dilating pupils so more sensitive to movement

32
Q

What is the effect of insulin?

A

Insulin decreases blood sugar levels by turning glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the muscles and the liver

33
Q

What is the effect of glucagon?

A

Glucagon raises blood sugar levels by turning stored glycogen into glucose

34
Q

describe the process of a reflex arc

A

1) Stimulus detected by receptors in skin
2) Impulse enters CNS through sensory neurone in the dorsal root
3) In the spinal cord the sensory neurone connects to a relay neurone via a synapse
4) Relay neurone connects with motor neurone bypassing the brain
5) Motor neurone leaves the spinal cord via the ventral root
6) Impulse causes muscle to contract

35
Q

describe the process of nerve impulses travelling through synapses

A

1) Impulse arrives down the axon of the first neurone
2) Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse
3) Neurotransmitters attach to receptors on the membrane of the second neurone
4) New impulse started in second neurone
5) Neurotransmitter broken down by an enzyme from the second neurone

36
Q

what are rods?

A

cells in the retina which work in dim light to produce black and white images

37
Q

what are cones?

A

cells in the retina which work in bright light to produce colour images

38
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Expands and contracts to control the amount of light entering the eye

39
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Circular opening which lets light into the eye

40
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Transparent layer responsible for most of the refraction of light rays

41
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

Tough outer coat that protects the eye

42
Q

What is the function of the Lena?

A

Focuses light onto the retina

43
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Reduces reflections inside the eye as darkly coloured

44
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Layer of the eye that contains light sensitive cells (rods and cones) which detect light

45
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Carries nerve impulses to the brain

46
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Area of the retina with the highest concentration of rods and cones

47
Q

What are the similarities between the mechanisms involved in reflexes in animals and tropisms in plants?

A

1) involve chemicals
2) involve receptors
3) involve effectors

48
Q

What are the differences between the mechanisms involved in reflexes in animals and tropisms in plants?

A

1) reflex involves electrical impulses and tropism involves hormones
2) animal is fast and plant is slow
3) muscle contraction vs growth response

49
Q

What is meant by the term hormone?

A

1) released from gland
2) travels in blood
3) to target cells/organs
4) effect/causes change

50
Q

describe accommodation for a near object

A

Lens becomes thicker as…

1) cilary muscles contract
2) suspensory ligaments relax

51
Q

describe accommodation for far away objects

A

Lens becomes thinner as…

1) cilary muscles relax
2) suspensory muscles contract

52
Q

what happens to the pupil in bright light?

A

the pupil constricts as…

1) circular muscles in the iris contract
2) radial muscles in the iris relax

53
Q

what happens to the pupil in dim light?

A

the pupil dilates as the iris relaxes as…

1) circular muscles in the iris relax
2) radial muscles in the iris contract

Biology (9 decks)

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