USA and abroad Flashcards
when was the longest filibuster to prevent the civil rights bill
1957
who were the dixiecrats
white southern Democrats who opposed civil rights legislation
how did the emmett till murder boost the CRM movement
emmett’s mother had an open casket showing the severity of the racism
made white people support the movement
miscarriage of justice
which group took over the brown v topeka case when it was lost. and what year was it
NAACP - 1952
when was the first case of the brown v topeka ruling
1951 - the case was lost
the year following brown v topeka, what words were added to the ruling
do it with deliberate speed
when did the supreme Court rule that desegregation within education should happen
17th May 1954
who was the black child that wanted to go to a white school in 1951
Linda brown
by 1957 what percentage of black Americans in the South were in mixed schools
3%
by 1957 how many southern school districts were desegregated
750 out of 6300
by 1968 how many black Americans in the South remained in segregated schools
58%
how many people joined the WCC by 1956
250,000
what did the WCC do to hinder the CRM movement
they campaigned for election of local politicians who were against desegregation
they raised money to make schools private to avoid desegregation
in 1956 how did the southern States hinder the civil rights movement
they outlawed the NAACP and banned all its activities. Public employees werent allowed to be involved with groups that supported integration
when was the southern manifesto established
1956
when was emmett till murdered
1955
what group was put together as a result of brown v topeka and what year
WCC - white citizens council
1954
in 1951 there was a case brown v ____
topeka. the board of education topeka, kansas
which group took over the brown v topeka case when it was lost. and what year was it
NAACP - 1952
how did the emmett till murder boost the CRM movement
emmett’s mother had an open casket showing the severity of the racism
made white people support the movement
miscarriage of justice
list 4 oppositions to the CRM
KKK, WCC, Congress & Emmett Till murder
explain Little Rock’s stance of civil rights in 1956
they are moderate with desegregation however some people still don’t like the idea
who was the governor at the time of Little Rock
Orval Faubus
how many black students were going to be admitted to Little Rock Central High School
9
what group does the governor of Little Rock put outside the school to stop the black students from entering
National Guard
who was the student who was alone at the protest at Little Rock
Elizabeth Eckford
what president send in paratroopers to protect the Little Rock students
Eisenhower
what does the governor of Little Rock do in September of 1958 and 1959
1958 - closes all schools in Little Rock to stop desegregation
1959 - he is forced to reopen schools
list 3 reasons why Little Rock was significant
- The racial hatred of southern states were really highlighted as the rest of the country were intergrating
- the demonstration outside the school was seen all over the world (via the media). caused the country embarrassment as they had criticised communist countries
- black americans understood that they could not rely on the federal courts to secure change
- the president had to get involved
what year and what university did James H Meredith want to enrol at
1962 - University of mississippi
what year and what university did Vivian Malone want to enrol at
1963 - university of alabama
who was the alabama governor who prevented black students from enrolling at the university of alabama
george wallace
what date did rosa parks refuse to give up her seat
thursday 1st december 1955
when was rosa parks court appearance
monday 5th december 1955
who arranged the montgomery bus boycott
Jo Ann Robinson
when did the montgomery bus boycott start and end
5th Decemeber 1955 to 20th December 1956
what group was created during the boycott and what did they do
MIA montgomery improvement association
they oversaw the maintenance of the boycott
list 3 reasons how the bus boycott was maintained
- carpooling. police tried to intimidate drivers
- black churches bought cars to transport people. people at pick up points were harrassed by police
- black run taxi companies charged only 10 cents for rides. law was passed to make teh minimum charge 45 cents
- they attacked leaders (mlk house was firebombed)
how many people took part in the first day of the boycott
20,000
how many people attended the rally on the first day of the boycott
7000
what was the name of the girl who refused to give up her seat in March 1955
claudette calvin
what position did rosa parks have at the montgomery NAACP
secretary
who was the chief justice of the supreme court
earl warren
what was signed by over 100 congressmen in 1956
southern manifesto
when did the supreme court rule that segregation is unconstitutional (transport)
13th November 1956
what did the 1957 civil rights act do
- it emphasised the right for people of colour to vote
- allowed the federal government to intervene if individuals are stopped from voting
how did the boycott begin?
- MIA was created (montgomery improvement association)
- they oversaw the maintenance of the boycott
- protesting was limited to ending the policy of black people standing while white seats were vacant
what happened on the 13th November 1956
the supreme court ruled segregation was unconstitutional on transport
what does SCLC stand for?
southern christian leadership conference
when was the SCLC set up
january 1957
what was the SCLC set up to do?
- set up to seek justice and reject all injustice
- they promoted non-violence regardless of the provocation
- encouraged white americans to help their fellow black citizens to challenge racism
- aimed to increase the number of black voters
- force Eisenhower to speak out on civil rights
when was the 1957 civil rigts act passed?
september 1957
what did the 1957 civil rights act do?
- the act emphasised the right of all people to vote regardless or race
- it allowed the federal governement to intervene if individuals were prevented from voting
- everyone could serve on juries
what did the 1960 civil rights act do?
- renewed the commission on civil rights
- people would be prosecuted if they obstructed someones attempt to register to vote/someones attempt to actually vote
define direct action
use of non-violent tactics and methods to achieve a political or social change
eg letter writing, sit ins
who were the greensboro four? when did they begin?
- 4 black teenage students from a local college that held a sit in at the Greensboro branch of Woolworths
- they sat at a whites only lunch counter until the shop closed
- began 1st february 1960
when did the woolworths counter give in?
25th july 1960
allowed black people to sit and eat
mainly the economic effect - they lost so many sales so were forced to end desegregation
how did the greensboro four effect the civil rights movement?
- inspired sit ins in 55 other cities and 13 states by March
- hunderds of other people joined in and businesses were forced to let black people sit at lunch counters
what was the SNCC?
- students non-violent coordinating committee
when and where was the SNCC formed?
- founded at shaw university in raleigh, north carolina in april 1960
- received a grant from the SCLS to establish itself
how did SNCC chnage its focus in 1961?
may 1961 - they supported local efforts in voter registration as well as public accommodation desegregation
what key events were SNCC involved in?
- sit ins
- freedom rides
- march on washington
- freedom summer
when did the supreme court decide that all bus stations and terminls that served interstate travellers should be integrated?
december 1960
when, who and why began the freedom rides?
james farmer & 12 volunteers
4th may 1961
CORE wanted to test the decisions of the supreme court’s ruling with a freedom ride
what happened on 14th may 1961 during the freedom rides?
- bus is firebombed at anniston (alabama) and attacked by a mob
what happened on 20th may 1961 during the freedom rides?
the riders were beaten by white racists who opposed the protests
what happened on 24-25th may 1961 during the freedom rides?
- the riders were arrested at the bus station for sitting in a whites only section of the bus station
- jackson
what happened on 22nd september 1961 during the freedom rides?
no buses use bus stations that have segregation in place
what happened on 22nd september 1961 during the freedom rides?
no buses used the bus stations that use segregation laws
what was the albany movement?
- 1961 to 1962
- following the arrests of the freedom riders in albany
- the albany movement was created to oppose segregation in the town
- it was quite unsuccessful - segregation contiued
what was the voter education project?
- a project to educate black americans on voting and registering
- staffed by SNCC
how were the sit ins unsuccessful?
people were arrested and harrassed
opposition
how were the freedom rides successful?
- met its goal - bus companies refused to use segregated bus stations
- CORE membership doubled - 52000 by december
- has a kncok on effect causing the albany movement
how were the freedom rides unsuccessful?
- the riders were firebombed abused and harrassed on the way
also arrested
how was the albany movement successful?
there was a small increase in black americans registered to vote
how was the albany movement unsuccessful?
- segregation continued - parks, swimming pools, schools
- mlk was arrested
how was the voter education project successful?
- 600000+ new voter registrations
how was the voter education project unsuccessful?
- new voter registrations but no ability to vote
- SNCC members were subject to opposition - harrassment
- black people felt betrayed as they thought kennedy would protect them from WCC and KKK
