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cold war Flashcards

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1
Q

how was the cold war fought?
hint - race

A

arms race
space race
propaganda
sport
espionage

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2
Q

give the 4 reasons for cold war including details

A

aims - russia had been invaded in previous wars so they wanted to prevent this from ever happening again, usa wanted to ensure freedom and democracy
resentment - britain and ysa tried to crush the bolshevik, stalin made a deal with nazi gremany
beliefs/ideas - stalin belidved the west is trying to crush communism, the west believed stalin was encoraging communist revolutions, they are both militant and expansionist
end of ww2 - usa didnt inform ussr of atmoic bomb development, they no lonher had a common enemy

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3
Q

when was the grand alliance formed?

A

december 1941 - britain, usa, ussr

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4
Q

name the first conference and details

A

tehran
november 1943
stalin roosevelt churchill
usa and britain would open a second front in europe, stalin declares war against japan
usa and britain tension (british colonialism threat to world peace), churchill wanted second front in the balkans

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5
Q

name the second conference and give details

A

yalta - february 1945
stalin roosevelt churchill
germany split in 4 zones, germany pay $20 billion reparations, UN set up in 25th april 1945
stalin wanted 16 soviet republics to be given individual membership, stalin expected polands electiosn to bring about communist government

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6
Q

name third conference and give details

A

july-august 1945 - potsdam
truman attlee stalin
berlin split in 4, each country takes reparations from each zone
truman objected to soviet control over liberated nations, truman objected to borders of poland, lack of trust between truman and stalin

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7
Q

list the ussr leaders in order with dates

A

stalin 1929-53
krushchev 1953-64
brezhnev 1964-82
andropov 1982-84
chernenko 1984-85
gorbachev 1985-91

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8
Q

list the usa leaders in order with dates

A

roosevelt 1933-45
truman 1945-52
eisenhower 1953-60
kennedy 1961-63
johnson 1963-68
nixon 1969-74
ford 1974-78
carter 1977-80
reagan 1981-88
bush 1989-96

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9
Q

list reasons for the soviet takeover

A

memory of the world wars - eastern european countries had been hostile
percentages deal
strategic importance of poland
security
soviet expansionism

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10
Q

when did the iron curtain speech take place

A

5th march 1946
churchill (no longer prime minster)
missouri

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11
Q

list 6 satellite states

A

bulgaria
czechoslovakia
hungary
east germany
romania
poland

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12
Q

what is the truman doctrine and what is its significance

A

12th march 1947 truman delivers speech
$400 million economic aid to greece and turkey (civil war)
america promising to help any country against communism

ends isolationism and introduces containment
communism fully established as the enemy

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13
Q

explain marshall aid

A

june 1947 - george marshall (secretary of state) speech on how the aid would be provided
1948-52 - $12.7billion given
took until 1950s for the full effect to take place
eastern european countries did not benefit though

tempted tito (yugoslavia) to want marshall aid

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14
Q

explain cominform

A

cmmunist information bureau set up 22nd september1947
communist parties of europe
stalin controlled and directed governments of the satellite states - spread propaganda

increases his control - shows off dominance to usa

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15
Q

explain comecon

A

council for mutual economic assistance
25th january 1949
provided aid for communist countries - stalin version of marshall aid
5 year plans
8 members

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16
Q

causes of the berlin blockade

A

cold war so far
aims for germany and berlin
bizonia
aid
new currency

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17
Q

when did the berlin blockade take place

A

june 1948
blocks road, rails and canals to stop entry and exit to east germany

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18
Q

what was operation vittles

A

11 months food and supplies were flown into berlin
1 1/2 million tonnes were carried

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19
Q

list the consequences of the berlin blockade

A

cold war - 9th may 1949
arms race
nato & warsaw pact
stalins threat to berlin and takeover of czechoslovakia meant 12 countries started nato in april 1949
german federal republic joined nto in may 1955 - ussr forms an equivalent
east & west germany
23rd may 1949 trizonia becomes federal republic of germany
october 1949 german democrat republic formed

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20
Q

list causes of the hungarian uprising and their impact

A

hungary after ww2 - lack of democracy, hungarian people were not listened to
impact of soviet rule - dictatorial rule, lack of democracy
rule of rakosi - decreases popularity
de-stalinisation - destalinisation provided false hopes

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21
Q

list key dates of the hungarian uprising

A

all 1956
23rd october - students hold demonstrations
24th october - street fights
25th october - 300 man down from machine gun fire
27th october - students bodies are found
28th october - freedom fighters control budapest
29th october - ussr leave budapest
1st november - soviet troops return to hungary
4th november - uprising crushed

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22
Q

list consequences of the hungarian uprising

A

many hungarians fled
communist leadership in the country
usa and britain dont intervene
ed sullivan raises $6 million by 1957
worse relations between ussr and the west

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23
Q

when did the refugee crisis take place

A

1949 to 1958
by 1958 3 million east germans moved to the west

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24
Q

explain krushchevs berlin ultimatum

A

november 1958 - western countries should recognise east germany as a separate country
berlin should be demilitarised
berlin should become a free city
6 months or khrushchev would hand over control of all routes to east germany
west was outraged

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25
Q

explain the geneva summit

A

may 1959
foreign ministers
proposals for how berlin shoudl be run

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26
Q

explain the camp david summit

A

september 1959
eisenhower and khrushchev meet face to face for the first time
withdraw berlin ultimatum
better relations

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27
Q

explain the paris summit

A

may 1960
u2 spy plane shot down
eisenhower refused to apologise
khrushchev walks out

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28
Q

explain vienna summit

A

june 1961
kennedy meets khrushchev
kennedy damaged reputation from bay of pigs
khrushchev renewed the berlin ultimatum

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29
Q

when was the barbed wire fence put up

A

12th august 1961

30
Q

give features of the berlin wall

A

12 foot high wall, stretch 165km, 2 walls and no mans land, 27 mile section cut out of centre of berlin

31
Q

what were the effects of the wall on berliners

A

east berliners were at high risk of being killed when trying to escape
family separated

32
Q

what were the effects of the wall on the ussr

A

suggestive that berliners preferred capitalism over communism
stopped refugees leaving to the west via east berlin

33
Q

list the causes of the Cuban missile crisis

A

Cuban revolution - January 1959
khrushchev Berlin ultimatum

34
Q

list the effects of the Cuban revolution on usa-Cuba relations

A

USA government reluctantly recognised the new government and refused to give economic aid
castro didn’t want Cuba under USA rule
Cuba economy damaged as USA main source of income
1961 USA breaks off diplomatic relations with cuba

35
Q

explain the bay of pigs event

A

17th April 1961 Cuban exiles invade Cuba, they are defeated
castro expected their attack
USA made it look like they weren’t involved, however it was obvious because of the use of the weapons

36
Q

list usa reasons for failure at the bay of pigs

A

volunteers had little military experience
castros government discovered the plans beforehand
USA wrongly assumed that Cubans disliked castro

37
Q

what were the effects on the USA of the bay of pigs

A

humiliating defeat
hypocrites - usa accused ussr of building an empire in Eastern Europe but they seem to be doing the same thing by invading Cuba
Kennedy concerned that the usa would supply Cuba with arms

38
Q

list the effects on ussr of the bay of pigs

A

clear indication of popularity of communism
stronger relations with Cuba
Cuba now communist

39
Q

what is the effect on Cuba of the bay of pigs

A

receiving arms from ussr
have a strong superpower ally
able to threaten usa with weapons

40
Q

list the events of the Cuban missile crisis

A

14th October - american u2 plane takes pictures of launch pads for missiles
15th - experts look at pictures and conclude they’re missiles
16th - Kennedy shown photos and excomm called to discuss how to react
21st - Kennedy makes decision

41
Q

list the consequences of the cuban missile crisis on the usa

A

positive
- hotline between usa and ussr - june 1963
- test ban treaty - august 1963
- outer space treaty - 1967
- nuclear non proliferation treaty - 1968
negative
- cuba remained a communist country
- still athreat to the usa

42
Q

list the consequences of the cuban missile crisis on the ussr

A

positive
- hotline between usa and ussr - june 1963
- test ban treaty - august 1963
- outer space treaty - 1967
- nuclear non proliferation treaty - 1968
negative
- khrushchev dismissed in 1964
- militray though he was forced into a embarrassing withdrawal

43
Q

list some causes of the prague spring 1968

A

impact of soviet rule
- secret police maintained control
- czech economy run for the benefit of the ussr
- czech government carried out purges
- lack of representation in the czech government
- protest against low standards of living
unpopular leaders
- novotny was leader from 1957

44
Q

what was the prague spring 1968

A

dubcek - socialism with a human face, first secretary of czech communist party
- introduced in april in prague
- censorship relaxed and criticism of government allowed
- trade unions had greater powers + government control of industries were reduced
- trade with west increased
- greater freedom to travel abroad
- multi party elections

45
Q

list the reactions of the czech people to the prague spring 1968

A
  • enthusiasm
  • joy and excitement
  • ducek invites ceausescu of romaini and tito of yugoslavia (brezhnev was not on good terms with them)
46
Q

list the reactions of the ussr to the prague spring 1968

A
  • didnt like it, could spread to other satellite states
  • brezhnev approved of the ideas
  • 20th august 1968 - warsaw pact troops invade czechoslovakia and end the prague spring
47
Q

what was the brezhnev doctrine

A

26th september 1968 - soviet paper (pravda) published speech setting out brezhnev doctrine
actions of any individual country effects the others - so would be prevented from introducing reforms

48
Q

how did other communist countries react to prague spring

A
  • strained relationship between yugoslavia/romania and ussr
  • italy and france communist parties cut links to moscow
  • east germany and poland agreed with brezhnevs actions
49
Q

how did the usa react to prague spring

A
  • attempt to pass a formal resolution condemning the invasion in the un
50
Q

when was detente

A

1963 and 1979

51
Q

list the events of detente

A

1963 - hotline, brezhnev becomes leader, test ban treaty
1965 - us involvement in vietnam increases
1967 - outer space teaty, six day war
1968 - ussr develops abm (anti ballistic missiles) designed to shoot down icbms, nixon elected,
nuclear non proliferation treaty
1969 - billy brandt (west germany) building better realtions between east and west
1972 - salt 1, nixon visits moscow and china
1973 - yom kippur war (arab v israel), brezhnev visits washington
1974 - nixon visits moscow, negotiations begins for salt 2
1975 - apollo-soyuz mission, helsinki accords
1977 - carter sends letter to sakharov
1979 - salt 2, us embassy in tehran taken over by islamic militants, ussr invaded afghanistan, usa cancels salt 2

52
Q

what caused afghanistan 1979

A
  • afghanstan acted as buffer between iran and ussr
  • ussr didnt want muslim fundamentalism to spread
  • april 78 - khan is assassinated and pro-communist taraki takes over
  • amin topples government in 1979 (ussr first supported but though he was a usa spy)
53
Q

list the events of afghanistan 1979

A
  • 25th december - soviet forces invaded afghanistan (claimed they were invited by amin)
  • 27th december - amin assassinated by soviet and replaced by karmal (they remain for 10 years fighting off opponents of karmal)
54
Q

list the consequences of afghanistan 1979

A
  • withdrew salt 2 (carter declared the invasion a threat to world peace) - more confrontational relations
  • carter doctrine announced
  • americans overreact about the invasion just to end detente
  • 1980 presidential election - reagan ridicules carter for being weak
55
Q

what and when was the carter doctrine

A

january 1980 - usa would repel by force, if necessary, any threat to american interests in the persian gulf

56
Q

what was reagans impact on relations

A
  • very anti communist
  • evil empire speech 1982
  • increase in defence spending
57
Q

what was solidarity (in poland) 1980-82

A
  • gdansk workers in poland formed the trade union solidarity
  • leader was lech walesa, had 10 million members
  • december 81 - general jaruzelski took over the polish government and broke up solidarity
  • usa worked scretly with the pope (who was polish) to keep solidarity alive (smuggled money and info)
58
Q

what was start 1982

A
  • strategic arms reduction talks
  • genveva
59
Q

what was sdi 1983

A
  • strategic defence initiative or star wars
  • develop laser weapons to use from space
  • andropov walked out of talks
  • usa effectively won the arms race
  • 1983 was the tensest year since cuban missile crisis
60
Q

what did glasnost and perestroika mean

A

glasnost - openness, freedom of speech, greater democracy
perestroika - restructuring, reform of economy

61
Q

list the opinions of gorbachev in the west and east

A

west
- nobel peace prize
- chamred us citizens
east
- giving away empire (not recieving anything back)
- went out to talk to the people 1985 - friendly and approachable

62
Q

what was the sinatra doctrine

A

freedom od choice for ussr states to make their own decions - cancels brezhnev doctrine

63
Q

why was perestroika necessary and what dangers were posed

A

necessary
- cold war draining the economy
- low standard of living was striking unrest
dangers
- economy worsened - not well executed /planned
- economy had been bad for 40yrs on tipping point

64
Q

why was glasnost necessary and what dangers were posed

A

necessary
- people should not need to fear the state
- propaganda in the west
dangers
- reforms could lead to criticism of communism and government
- commuism could be overthrown, west could take over
- blame gorbachev

65
Q

why was sinatra doctrine necessary and what dangers were posed

A

necessary
- cost of arms in satellite states - contradicts glasnost
dangers
- loss of control

66
Q

list gorbachev’s summits and its outcomes

A
  • november 1985 geneva - gorbachev and reagan meet for the first time
  • october 1986 reykjavik - couldnt agree to give up sdi
  • december 1987 washington - signed the inf treaty (first time actually destroy weapons)
  • 1988 moscow - inf details resolved , reduction of warsaw troops, soviet forces leave afghanistan
    1989 malta - gorbachev and bush, marking end of the cold war
    1990 paris - cfe agreement signed, limits the non nuclear forces that warsaw pact and nato could have in europe
    1991 moscow - start 1 signed (nuclear weapons reduced by a third)
67
Q

what happens at the beginning of the fall of the satellite states 1989

A
  • 1985 - gorbachev is leader
  • december 1988 - ideology should play less important part in soviet foreign policy
  • march 1989 - sinatra doctrine
  • april 1989 - troops leave hungary
  • june 1989 - free elections in poland
68
Q

what happens at the middle of the fall of the satellite states 1989

A
  • august 1989 - 1st non communist pm in poland since 1946
  • september 1989 - hungary opens border with austria
  • october 1989 - czechoslovakian and polish governments allow east germans to enter west embassies
  • october 1989 - east german leader replaced
  • 9th november 1989 - berlin wall comes down
69
Q

what happens at the end of the fall of the satellite states 1989

A
  • november 1989 - velvet revolution, czechoslovakia
  • december 1989 - malta summit
  • december 1989 - uprising against communist dictator in romania
  • january 1990 - ussr the only remaining communist of the estern bloc
70
Q

list the events of the fall of the berlin wall

A
  • anger growing towards east german government - lack of freedom & restrictions
  • 1987 - pressure from usa to get rid of berlin wall
  • 1988 - conert in east berlin 300,000 attendees
  • august 1989 - after hungary opens border with austria, east german government tries to prevent people from going
  • september 1989 - protests begin in liepzig, october - protests grow to 70000 people weekly (encouraged protests in berlin and east german cities)
  • november 1989 - egone krenz discusses how to stop the people leaving via hungary. agree to open border on 10th november 9am
  • 9th november - gunter schabowski held a press conference, made the mistake of opening the border too early
  • many flocked to the crossings
  • harald jager (crossing guard) decides to open gates

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