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early elizabethan era Flashcards

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1
Q

who was john hawkins

A
  • englands first slave trader
  • treasurer for the navy in 1577
  • francis drake cousin
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2
Q

who was francis drake

A
  • john hawkins cousin
  • lead voyages to the west indies
  • attacks on spanish ships and colonies
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3
Q

who was william cecil

A
  • elizabeths chief adviser
  • authorised mary qos execution
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4
Q

who was walter raleigh

A
  • sailed to america in 1578
  • imprisoned in the tower of london for secretly marrying one of elizabeths ladies in waiting
  • originally a favourite of elizabeth
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5
Q

who was robert dudley

A
  • master of the horse (only man allowed to touch elizabeth)
  • quarelled with william cecil
  • a favourite of elizabeth
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6
Q

who was francis walsingham

A
  • elizabeths spy master
  • exposed plots against elizabeth
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7
Q

what significance was the pope

A
  • 1570 pius v excommunicated elizbeth
  • encouraged catholics to plot against her
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8
Q

who was the duke of norfolk

A
  • elizabeths second cousin
  • suggested that he marry mary qos
  • imprisoned by elizabeth in 1569
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9
Q

who was the earl of northumberland

A
  • plotted with mary qos and rebelled against elizabeth in 1569
  • executed in 1572
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10
Q

who was the earl of westmorland

A
  • rebelled against elizabeth in 1569
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11
Q

who was mary qos

A
  • elizabeths cousin
  • executed in 1587
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12
Q

who was philip ii

A
  • king of spain
  • married to mary qos
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13
Q

who was roberto ridolfi

A
  • italian banker who plotted against elizabeth
  • carried messages between mary qos, philip ii, the pope and the duke of alva
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14
Q

who was francis throckmorton

A
  • carried letters between mary qos and the french and spanish ambassadors
  • arrested on walsinghams orders
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15
Q

who was anthony babington

A
  • page to earl of shrewsbury
  • carried messages for mary and plotted against elizabeth
  • walsingham intercepted letters
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16
Q

what was elizabeths problem with religion

A
  • she had to decide whether to remain catholic or return to protestantism
  • this would influence the actions and opinions of her subjects
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17
Q

what was elizabeths problem with law enforcement and order

A
  • elizabeth had to enforce the law fairly and attempt to reduce poverty/hardships
  • if certain events went badly the poverty/unemployment/high prices would increase
  • her popularity may decrease
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18
Q

what was elizabeth problem with choosing advisors

A
  • she had to choose members of her privy council
  • decide whether to just choose people who supported her
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19
Q

what was elizabeths problem with marriage and an heir

A
  • it was feared that if elizabeth didnt marry there would be a civil war for the english throne
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20
Q

what was elizabeths problem with war and foreign relations

A
  • france and spain were catholic and very powerful
  • france was allies with scotland
  • england could be easily invaded
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21
Q

what was elizabeths problem with gender

A
  • a woman was considered too weak to lead a country
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22
Q

what was elizabeths problem with legitimacy

A
  • her right to the throne was questioned by catholics
  • they thought her parents marriage was illegal - so cannot be queen
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23
Q

what was elizabeths problem with finance

A
  • 1558 - she was £300,000 in debt
  • war with france strained finances
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24
Q

categorise elizabeths problems into numbers from 1 to 4. 1 being nothing she can do to change and 4 being a current/direct threat

A

1 - problems she can do nothing about - legitimacy and gender
2 - can be an issue sometime in the future - choosing advisors
3 - not dealing with immediately/important to everyone - finance, law enforcement and order, marriage and heir
4 - current/direct threat - religion, war and foreign relations

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25
Q

list factors that affect whether elizabeths problems were the greates

A
  • reduces popularity
  • throne is threatened
  • speed a solution is required
  • law and order in england is threatened
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26
Q

what was elizabeths options and decisions when choosing advisors

A

options
- status or stability (should marys advisors remain)
decisions
- william cecil - secretary of state
- 20 councillors (10 catholics who worked with mary i)
- made her closest friend a councillor after 4 years to avoid jealousy

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27
Q

what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of finance

A

options
- ask parliament fro taxation
- but gives parliament too much power
decisions
- severly cut government spending
- crown lands were sold off bringing £600,000 to the exchequer

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28
Q

what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of war and foreign relations

A

options
- make peace with france (they were onyl fighting because of mary i who was supporting spain)
- continue war and win to become popular
decisions
- made peace with france january 1559 - treaty of cateau cambresis
- lost calais

29
Q

what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of religion

A

options
- catholic, puritan or compromise
decisions
- at first doesnt make any changes
- compromise - the religious settlement

30
Q

what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of gender

A

options
- can get married and give power to him
decisions
- never married and ruled alone

31
Q

what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of legitimacy

A

options
- go on with coronation and hope she could win over the people
decisions
- celebrated her coronation and hoped country would like her

32
Q

what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of marriage and an heir

A

options
- married philip ii, prince eric of sweden or other european royalties
- archduke charles, francis duke of alenfon, robert dudley were potential husbands
decisions
- she didnt marry

33
Q

what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problems of peace and prosperity

A

options
- fix poverty problem to avoid rebellion of the poor
decisions
- she didnt really affect the issue, luck was on her side

34
Q

why was religion so important to people

A
  • all important rituals of life/daily routines were linked to church
  • church was the centre of community and supported people during their hardships
  • church gave them hope and leading a good life would ensure they reach heaven
35
Q

give some information about the catholic church eg clergy, services etc

A

control of the church
- pope, cardinals, archbishops, bishops
decoration
- richly decorated, stained glass windows
clergy
- no marriage
- richly decorated robes called vestments
services
- bible in latin
- communion turned unto the blood and body of jesus

36
Q

give some of the information about protestant church eg clergy, services etc

A

control of the church
- monarch is the head of the church, archbishops, bishops
decoration
- spending a lot of money on decorations was looked down upon
- catholic decorations removed
clergy
- marriage allowed
- surplice was worn
services
- bible/services in english
- communion symbolises the body and blood of jesus

37
Q

give some information about the puritan church eg clergy, services etc

A

control of the church
- no head or bishops
- committees elected by churchgoers
decoration
- plain
clergy
- marriage allowed
- plain black gowns
services
- bible/services in english
- communion remained bread and wine, jesus was spiritually not physically present

38
Q

what was elizabeths decisions in the religious settlement

A

head of the church
- title of supreme governor for the monarch
- bishops ran the church and swear oath accepting her title
decoration
- ornaments/decorations, singing hymns
services
- english bible and services
- protestant prayer book
- communion
clergy
- clergy wear a surplice, allowed to marry
- preachers need to be licenced and preach at least once a month

39
Q

how did elizabeth win support of the religious settlement

A
  • saviour of protestantism
  • attendance at church mandatory (fine was large for the poor but little for the rich)
  • added her accession day to the church calendar festivals
  • catholics attend church on sunday then attend their own latin mass at home
40
Q

list positives in elizabeth and mary qos relationship

A
  • 1567 - elizabeth comforts her after death of lord darnley
  • 1561 - as mary returns to scotland elizabeth is friendly as she lacks power
41
Q

list negatives in elizabeth and mary qos relationship

A
  • 1560 - mary wore the english coat of arms laying claim to the english the throne
  • 1565 - mary married lord darnley who had claim to the english throne
  • 1566 - the birth of marys son strengthened her claim to the english throne
  • 1567 - elizabeth criticised mary for marrying the suspect in her husbands murder
  • 1568 - arrival of mary in england placed elizabeth in an impossible situation
42
Q

why was marys threat to elizabeth

A
  • catholic
  • has a son
  • married to someone in line to the throne
43
Q

when did the northern earls revolt

A

november 1569

44
Q

why did the northern earls revolt

A

religion
- reestablish catholicism
politics/power
- elizabeth weakened the earls power in the north
- government in the north was carried out by council instead of nobility
succession
- wanted mary to be recognised as elizabeths successor
- planned to marry mary off to duke of norfolk (very powerful)
finance
- elizabeth took land from the nobles causing them to lose money

45
Q

how significant was the northern earls revolt

A
  • significant but not successful - elizabeths first revolt
  • lack of leadership - earls werent brave and fled to scotland
  • no set plan - overthrow elizabeth and replace her/free mary qos and name her elizabeths heir
  • not enough support - catholic nobility didnt join
  • no foreign catholic support - french, spanish and pope didnt support it
46
Q

when did the ridolfi plot take place

A

1571

47
Q

who were key people in the ridolfi plot

A
  • robert ridolfi
  • pope
  • philip ii of spain
  • duke of alva/duke of norfolk
  • mary qos
48
Q

what were the events of the ridolfi plot

A
  • spring 1571 - ridolfi persuades duke of alva to invade england, alva tells philip to invade after elizabeth is overthrown
  • elizabeths government unravels the plot
  • duke of norfolks servants betray him under interrogation, arrested in september
  • the plot never reached the public because of francis walsingham
49
Q

what were the consequences of the ridolfi plot

A
  • june 1572 - duke of norfolk is beheaded
  • elizabeth expels the spanish ambassador
  • whoever claimed mary should be queen is a traitor
  • 1572 - st bartholomews day massacre - protestants killed by catholics in paris
50
Q

what was the plan of the ridolfi plot

A
  • overthrow elizabeth, make mary queen and restore catholicism
51
Q

when was the throcknorton plot

A

1583

52
Q

who was involved in the throckmorton plot

A
  • mary qos
  • spanish ambassador/french ambassador
  • francis throckmorton
  • henry percy and lord henry howard
  • duke of guise
  • philip ii
53
Q

what was the plan of the throckmorton plot

A
  • free mary qos, restore catholicism and a catholic monarch
54
Q

list the events of the throckmorton plot

A
  • throckmorton put under surveillance and arrested, house searched and evidence found
  • funded by philip ii and mary qos was involved
  • elizabeths government stopped the plot before it reached the public
55
Q

what were the consequences of the throckmorton plot

A
  • spanish ambassador expelled
  • throckmorton executed in july 1584
  • henry percy commits suicide and lord henry howard was released
  • 1584 bond of association - when elizabeth is threatened, mary qos is killed
56
Q

when did the babington plot take place

A

1586

57
Q

who did the babington plot involve

A
  • mary qos
  • nathony babington
  • babingtons friends
58
Q

what was the plan of the babington plot

A
  • murder elizabeth, make mary qos queen and restore catholicism
59
Q

list the events of the babington plot

A
  • july 1586 - babington writes to mary
  • messages hidden in beer barrels
  • elizabeths government put spies to watch over mary and other plotters
  • mary qos consented to the death of elizabeth
  • letters were intercepted and sent to francis walsingham
60
Q

what were the consequences of the babington plot

A
  • babington and other conspirators were executed in september 1958
  • mary qos moved to fotheringhay castle
  • end of october mary found guilty
61
Q

list the plots in order of seriousness

A
  • babington
  • northern earls
  • ridolfi and throckmorton
62
Q

why did the all the plots fail

A
  • network of spies stopped the plots before they reached the public
  • didnt have public support
  • no foreign support
  • interrogation and torture
  • acts of parliament - increasing penalties against catholics
  • informers in england - reported threats to walsingham
  • searches and registers - authorised to search foreigners houses
63
Q

when was mary qos executed

A
  • february 1587
  • 400 people watched it
  • elizabeth was angry about the execution, her secretary who sent the death warrant was imprisoned
  • cecil is banished to his house
64
Q

why was mary executed

A
  • involved in the plots
  • had claim to the throne
  • crime of treason was the trigger
  • catholic threat
  • elizabeth set an example of her strength
65
Q

what were the causes of war with spain

A

trade/commercial rivalry
- englands main trade was exporting woollen cloth to antwerp, spain took over trade
- piracy
- spain made lots of money from colonising central america, england wanted riches
religious rivalry
- catholicism
political rivalry
- spain was a very wealthy country
- philip preferred to have mary qos on the throne

66
Q

what caused the spanish armada to lose

A
  • weather
  • leadership
  • plan
  • tactics
  • resources
67
Q

positive aspects in the golden age of the elizabethan era

A
  • increased popularity of elizabeth
  • improvement of education
  • improvement in housing
  • printing press
  • increase in agriculture and trade
  • entertainment
  • naval power
68
Q

negative aspects of the golden age of the elizabethan era

A
  • unemployment
  • bad harvests
  • witchcraft
  • illness/disease
  • religious turmoil
  • astrology

history (6 decks)

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