early elizabethan era Flashcards
who was john hawkins
- englands first slave trader
- treasurer for the navy in 1577
- francis drake cousin
who was francis drake
- john hawkins cousin
- lead voyages to the west indies
- attacks on spanish ships and colonies
who was william cecil
- elizabeths chief adviser
- authorised mary qos execution
who was walter raleigh
- sailed to america in 1578
- imprisoned in the tower of london for secretly marrying one of elizabeths ladies in waiting
- originally a favourite of elizabeth
who was robert dudley
- master of the horse (only man allowed to touch elizabeth)
- quarelled with william cecil
- a favourite of elizabeth
who was francis walsingham
- elizabeths spy master
- exposed plots against elizabeth
what significance was the pope
- 1570 pius v excommunicated elizbeth
- encouraged catholics to plot against her
who was the duke of norfolk
- elizabeths second cousin
- suggested that he marry mary qos
- imprisoned by elizabeth in 1569
who was the earl of northumberland
- plotted with mary qos and rebelled against elizabeth in 1569
- executed in 1572
who was the earl of westmorland
- rebelled against elizabeth in 1569
who was mary qos
- elizabeths cousin
- executed in 1587
who was philip ii
- king of spain
- married to mary qos
who was roberto ridolfi
- italian banker who plotted against elizabeth
- carried messages between mary qos, philip ii, the pope and the duke of alva
who was francis throckmorton
- carried letters between mary qos and the french and spanish ambassadors
- arrested on walsinghams orders
who was anthony babington
- page to earl of shrewsbury
- carried messages for mary and plotted against elizabeth
- walsingham intercepted letters
what was elizabeths problem with religion
- she had to decide whether to remain catholic or return to protestantism
- this would influence the actions and opinions of her subjects
what was elizabeths problem with law enforcement and order
- elizabeth had to enforce the law fairly and attempt to reduce poverty/hardships
- if certain events went badly the poverty/unemployment/high prices would increase
- her popularity may decrease
what was elizabeth problem with choosing advisors
- she had to choose members of her privy council
- decide whether to just choose people who supported her
what was elizabeths problem with marriage and an heir
- it was feared that if elizabeth didnt marry there would be a civil war for the english throne
what was elizabeths problem with war and foreign relations
- france and spain were catholic and very powerful
- france was allies with scotland
- england could be easily invaded
what was elizabeths problem with gender
- a woman was considered too weak to lead a country
what was elizabeths problem with legitimacy
- her right to the throne was questioned by catholics
- they thought her parents marriage was illegal - so cannot be queen
what was elizabeths problem with finance
- 1558 - she was £300,000 in debt
- war with france strained finances
categorise elizabeths problems into numbers from 1 to 4. 1 being nothing she can do to change and 4 being a current/direct threat
1 - problems she can do nothing about - legitimacy and gender
2 - can be an issue sometime in the future - choosing advisors
3 - not dealing with immediately/important to everyone - finance, law enforcement and order, marriage and heir
4 - current/direct threat - religion, war and foreign relations
list factors that affect whether elizabeths problems were the greates
- reduces popularity
- throne is threatened
- speed a solution is required
- law and order in england is threatened
what was elizabeths options and decisions when choosing advisors
options
- status or stability (should marys advisors remain)
decisions
- william cecil - secretary of state
- 20 councillors (10 catholics who worked with mary i)
- made her closest friend a councillor after 4 years to avoid jealousy
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of finance
options
- ask parliament fro taxation
- but gives parliament too much power
decisions
- severly cut government spending
- crown lands were sold off bringing £600,000 to the exchequer
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of war and foreign relations
options
- make peace with france (they were onyl fighting because of mary i who was supporting spain)
- continue war and win to become popular
decisions
- made peace with france january 1559 - treaty of cateau cambresis
- lost calais
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of religion
options
- catholic, puritan or compromise
decisions
- at first doesnt make any changes
- compromise - the religious settlement
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of gender
options
- can get married and give power to him
decisions
- never married and ruled alone
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of legitimacy
options
- go on with coronation and hope she could win over the people
decisions
- celebrated her coronation and hoped country would like her
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problem of marriage and an heir
options
- married philip ii, prince eric of sweden or other european royalties
- archduke charles, francis duke of alenfon, robert dudley were potential husbands
decisions
- she didnt marry
what was elizabeths options and decisions when facing the problems of peace and prosperity
options
- fix poverty problem to avoid rebellion of the poor
decisions
- she didnt really affect the issue, luck was on her side
why was religion so important to people
- all important rituals of life/daily routines were linked to church
- church was the centre of community and supported people during their hardships
- church gave them hope and leading a good life would ensure they reach heaven
give some information about the catholic church eg clergy, services etc
control of the church
- pope, cardinals, archbishops, bishops
decoration
- richly decorated, stained glass windows
clergy
- no marriage
- richly decorated robes called vestments
services
- bible in latin
- communion turned unto the blood and body of jesus
give some of the information about protestant church eg clergy, services etc
control of the church
- monarch is the head of the church, archbishops, bishops
decoration
- spending a lot of money on decorations was looked down upon
- catholic decorations removed
clergy
- marriage allowed
- surplice was worn
services
- bible/services in english
- communion symbolises the body and blood of jesus
give some information about the puritan church eg clergy, services etc
control of the church
- no head or bishops
- committees elected by churchgoers
decoration
- plain
clergy
- marriage allowed
- plain black gowns
services
- bible/services in english
- communion remained bread and wine, jesus was spiritually not physically present
what was elizabeths decisions in the religious settlement
head of the church
- title of supreme governor for the monarch
- bishops ran the church and swear oath accepting her title
decoration
- ornaments/decorations, singing hymns
services
- english bible and services
- protestant prayer book
- communion
clergy
- clergy wear a surplice, allowed to marry
- preachers need to be licenced and preach at least once a month
how did elizabeth win support of the religious settlement
- saviour of protestantism
- attendance at church mandatory (fine was large for the poor but little for the rich)
- added her accession day to the church calendar festivals
- catholics attend church on sunday then attend their own latin mass at home
list positives in elizabeth and mary qos relationship
- 1567 - elizabeth comforts her after death of lord darnley
- 1561 - as mary returns to scotland elizabeth is friendly as she lacks power
list negatives in elizabeth and mary qos relationship
- 1560 - mary wore the english coat of arms laying claim to the english the throne
- 1565 - mary married lord darnley who had claim to the english throne
- 1566 - the birth of marys son strengthened her claim to the english throne
- 1567 - elizabeth criticised mary for marrying the suspect in her husbands murder
- 1568 - arrival of mary in england placed elizabeth in an impossible situation
why was marys threat to elizabeth
- catholic
- has a son
- married to someone in line to the throne
when did the northern earls revolt
november 1569
why did the northern earls revolt
religion
- reestablish catholicism
politics/power
- elizabeth weakened the earls power in the north
- government in the north was carried out by council instead of nobility
succession
- wanted mary to be recognised as elizabeths successor
- planned to marry mary off to duke of norfolk (very powerful)
finance
- elizabeth took land from the nobles causing them to lose money
how significant was the northern earls revolt
- significant but not successful - elizabeths first revolt
- lack of leadership - earls werent brave and fled to scotland
- no set plan - overthrow elizabeth and replace her/free mary qos and name her elizabeths heir
- not enough support - catholic nobility didnt join
- no foreign catholic support - french, spanish and pope didnt support it
when did the ridolfi plot take place
1571
who were key people in the ridolfi plot
- robert ridolfi
- pope
- philip ii of spain
- duke of alva/duke of norfolk
- mary qos
what were the events of the ridolfi plot
- spring 1571 - ridolfi persuades duke of alva to invade england, alva tells philip to invade after elizabeth is overthrown
- elizabeths government unravels the plot
- duke of norfolks servants betray him under interrogation, arrested in september
- the plot never reached the public because of francis walsingham
what were the consequences of the ridolfi plot
- june 1572 - duke of norfolk is beheaded
- elizabeth expels the spanish ambassador
- whoever claimed mary should be queen is a traitor
- 1572 - st bartholomews day massacre - protestants killed by catholics in paris
what was the plan of the ridolfi plot
- overthrow elizabeth, make mary queen and restore catholicism
when was the throcknorton plot
1583
who was involved in the throckmorton plot
- mary qos
- spanish ambassador/french ambassador
- francis throckmorton
- henry percy and lord henry howard
- duke of guise
- philip ii
what was the plan of the throckmorton plot
- free mary qos, restore catholicism and a catholic monarch
list the events of the throckmorton plot
- throckmorton put under surveillance and arrested, house searched and evidence found
- funded by philip ii and mary qos was involved
- elizabeths government stopped the plot before it reached the public
what were the consequences of the throckmorton plot
- spanish ambassador expelled
- throckmorton executed in july 1584
- henry percy commits suicide and lord henry howard was released
- 1584 bond of association - when elizabeth is threatened, mary qos is killed
when did the babington plot take place
1586
who did the babington plot involve
- mary qos
- nathony babington
- babingtons friends
what was the plan of the babington plot
- murder elizabeth, make mary qos queen and restore catholicism
list the events of the babington plot
- july 1586 - babington writes to mary
- messages hidden in beer barrels
- elizabeths government put spies to watch over mary and other plotters
- mary qos consented to the death of elizabeth
- letters were intercepted and sent to francis walsingham
what were the consequences of the babington plot
- babington and other conspirators were executed in september 1958
- mary qos moved to fotheringhay castle
- end of october mary found guilty
list the plots in order of seriousness
- babington
- northern earls
- ridolfi and throckmorton
why did the all the plots fail
- network of spies stopped the plots before they reached the public
- didnt have public support
- no foreign support
- interrogation and torture
- acts of parliament - increasing penalties against catholics
- informers in england - reported threats to walsingham
- searches and registers - authorised to search foreigners houses
when was mary qos executed
- february 1587
- 400 people watched it
- elizabeth was angry about the execution, her secretary who sent the death warrant was imprisoned
- cecil is banished to his house
why was mary executed
- involved in the plots
- had claim to the throne
- crime of treason was the trigger
- catholic threat
- elizabeth set an example of her strength
what were the causes of war with spain
trade/commercial rivalry
- englands main trade was exporting woollen cloth to antwerp, spain took over trade
- piracy
- spain made lots of money from colonising central america, england wanted riches
religious rivalry
- catholicism
political rivalry
- spain was a very wealthy country
- philip preferred to have mary qos on the throne
what caused the spanish armada to lose
- weather
- leadership
- plan
- tactics
- resources
positive aspects in the golden age of the elizabethan era
- increased popularity of elizabeth
- improvement of education
- improvement in housing
- printing press
- increase in agriculture and trade
- entertainment
- naval power
negative aspects of the golden age of the elizabethan era
- unemployment
- bad harvests
- witchcraft
- illness/disease
- religious turmoil
- astrology
