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USA Flashcards

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1
Q

State the background of USA

A
  • Biggest economic power in the world by 1919
  • Leading oil producer in the world
  • Massive coal, steel and textile industries
  • World leader in new technology; motor car, electronic, chemical, film and entertainment industries
  • Had become a large exporter of these goods to Europe, Latin America and Asia
  • American agriculture was the most efficient and productive in the world
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2
Q

State the resources as a reason for the economic boom in the 1920s:

A

-USA had a great store of natural resources such as wood, iron, coal, minerals, oil and land

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3
Q

State what was the impact of the First World War as a reason for an economic boom in the 1920s:

A
  • USA had come out of the war well
  • It had supplied Europe with many goods during the war and had taken over European overseas markets. In some areas, US industry was now the world leader - e.g chemicals
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4
Q

State the technological change as a reason of the economic boom in the 1920s

A
  • Automatic switchboards
  • Glass tubing
  • Conveyor belts
  • Concrete mixers
  • Electricity provided a cheaper, more efficient source of power for factories
  • Refrigerators
  • Vacuum cleaners
  • Radios
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5
Q

State the mass-production as a reason for an economic boom in the 1920s

A
  • New technique meant that goods could be produced much more cheaply on a large scale
  • Henry Ford had pioneered mass-production in the car industry by introducing an assembly line before the war
  • He made cars so cheap that thousands of ordinary Americans could afford them
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6
Q

State the mass-marketing as a reason for an economic boom in the 1920s

A

-Developed sophisticated techniques to persuade people to buy

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7
Q

State how credit was a reason for an economic boom in the 1920s

A

-Made it much easier for people to buy goods even though they did not have enough money for them

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8
Q

State how confidence was a reason for an economic boom in the 1920s

A
  • Confidence to buy goods
  • Invest in companies
  • Try out new ideas
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9
Q

State how the policies of the republican presidents caused an economic boom in the 1920s

A
  • Lowered taxes on income and company profits, giving the wealthy more money to invest in American industry and buildings
  • People had more money to spend on American goods
  • They put tariffs on imported goods. This made imports more expensive compared with American-made goods and thereby helped American producers
  • They didn’t interfere in business or put any controls on financial institutions
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10
Q

State how the motor car was a reason for an economic boom in the 1920s

A
  • Developed In the 1890s, the first cars were built by blacksmiths and other skilled craftsmen
  • Very expensive
  • 1900 only 4000 cars were made
  • Henry Ford - Ford Production
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11
Q

What was the US constitution?

A

-Formed In 1787 after 13 states had won independence from British control

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12
Q

What was the Federal Government?

A
  • Each state has its own government

- Based in Washington DC

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13
Q

What was the State Government?

A
  • Each state government made up to 3 branches
  • Governor
  • State legislature
  • State courts
  • Controls interior matters
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14
Q

What was the Supreme Court?

A
  • Judicial power
  • Settles state disputes
  • Decides wether laws are constitutional
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15
Q

What did the president do?

A
  • President, Vice President and cabinet
  • Executive power
  • Significant power over internal, national and foreign affairs
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16
Q

What did the congress do?

A
  • 100 US senators
  • 435 representatives
  • Legislative power
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17
Q

What did the Republican Party do?

A
  • Conservative party

- Usually right wing

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18
Q

What did the democrat party do?

A
  • Progressive party
  • Electors vote for the president - USA is democracy
  • Congress men
  • Senators
  • Governors
  • Members of their state government
  • Usually left wing
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19
Q

State how hardship for farmers were a problem in the US economy

A
  • Farmers struggling against high production of wheat in Canada
  • Fewer months to feed
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20
Q

State how declining exports were a problem for the US economy

A
  • Imported less food from the USA
  • Europe was poor
  • Response to US tariffs
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21
Q

State how overproduction was a problem for the US economy

A
  • More and more land was being farmed
  • Improved machinery and combine harvester
  • Improved fertilisers
  • Producing surpluses of wheat that no-one wanted
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22
Q

State how falling prices were a problem for the US economy

A
  • Prices plummated - desperate farmers tried to sell their produce
  • Farm prices fell by 50%
  • Many bankruptcies
  • Rich Americans wanted fresh vegetables and fruits
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23
Q

State the result for these problems in the US economy

A
  • Unemployed People
  • Unskilled workers migrated to the cities
  • Little demand for their labour
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24
Q

How far did the town and country change the US society in the 1920s

A
  • By 1920, more Americans lived in towns and cities than in the countryside
  • Growth of industry
  • Problems In farming
  • Transport revolution
  • Cities across USA grew exponentially with economic boom of 1920s
  • Cultural divide between urban and rural becomes larger and more evident
  • Immigration
  • Different traditions
  • Social changes
  • Gender
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25
Q

How far did entertainment change the US society in the 1920s?

A
  • Cultural changes result from growth in entertainment industry
  • Accompanied by changing moral views
  • Average working hours drop from 47 to 44 hours per week
  • Increased mechanisation
  • Prosperity
  • Means average Americans have more leisure time; increased focus on leisure activities
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26
Q

How far did the radio change the US society in the 1920s

A
  • 1926, 5 million families have radios
  • Almost everyone listened to the radio - communal activity
  • People who could not afford it, they bought one and purchased it in instalments (In poorer districts they shared)
  • 1930 - 1 radio for every 2-3 households (Chicago)
  • August 1921, only one licensed radio station in America, End of 1922, 508 of them, 1929 new network called NBC made $150 million a year
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27
Q

How far did jazz change the US society in the 1920s?

A
  • Radios gave access to music
  • African Americans who moved from countries to cities brought jazz to the cities and Blues. Blues music was popular amongst the African Americans
  • Jazz age 1920s - Charleston dance and flappers, women dressed in short dresses and smoked in public
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28
Q

How far did sport change the US society in the 1920s?

A
  • Baseball had legendary teams - New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox. Baseball stars like Babe Ruth became national figures, he earned $80k
  • Boxing heroes like Jack Dempsey - 50 million people watching and listening when he fought against Tunney
  • Millions pf Americans listened to sport events on the radio
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29
Q

How far did the cinema change the US society in the 1920s?

A
  • Hollywood, suburb in LA, major film industry developing stars like Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton - laughter, while Douglas Fairbanks - daring adventure films. 1927 all films were silent
  • 100 million tickets each week
  • 10/20 cents to go in
  • Driving to movies and sport events
  • Theda Bara and Rudolph Valentino, ‘The Sheik’ 1921
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30
Q

State how the women felt before the First World War in the 1920s USA

A
  • Largest group of women workers were in domestic service
  • Textile industry
  • Sweated industries like shirt making, nail making and shoe stitching
  • Brick making and chain making
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31
Q

State how the women felt during the First World War

A
  • Women did the jobs of men
  • Munition factories
  • Services jobs, public transport, farm work, nursing and the civil service
  • Joined the armed forces
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32
Q

How far did the impact of the First World War affect the role of women in the 1920s

A
  • Change In behaviour for women
  • Changed into the war industry
  • Experience of skilled factory work
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33
Q

How far did the car affect the role of women in the 1920s?

A

-Gave women the right to drive

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34
Q

How far did housework affect the role of women in the 1920s?

A
  • Refrigerators
  • Washing machines
  • Vacuum cleaners
  • Most women were still housewives and not as free as their men
35
Q

How far did changing behaviours affect the role of women in the 1920s?

A
  • World clothing more convenient and stopped wearing long shirts and corsets
  • Flappers
  • Smoked in public
  • Danced new dances
  • Sexually liberated
36
Q

How far did the vote affect the role of women in the 1920s?

A
  • 1920, all women were given the right to vote in all states
  • Equal rights
37
Q

State what women did in employment during the First World War

A
  • 10 million women working outside the home by 1929 (24% more than in 1920)
  • Consumer culture builds around women for first time
  • Fashion and beauty
  • Household items
  • Cars
  • Movies and novels
  • However, only really affects urban middle class women
38
Q

What were flappers?

A
  • Wealthy, liberated, new age urban women
  • Bright clothes and short skirts
  • Heavy make up and bobbed hair
  • Drove caes, smoked and drank
  • Active social lives
  • Became figures of ‘Roaring 20s’ America and changing morality
  • Very small percentage of population
39
Q

How did the role of women not change?

A

Employment

  • Still many women working
  • Paid less than men
  • Women were paid 9 dollars and men were paid 28 dollars, 50% less

Household roles
-Still women working at home

Behaviour

  • Many women stayed at home instead of changing behaviour
  • Some women could not afford to be flappers
40
Q

In immigration and intolerance, what was the nation of immigrants?

A
  • American people are a fusion of immigrants from Europe, Caribbean, Asia and Canada
  • Melting pot of cultures, ethnicities and religions
  • Much intolerance (white Europeans) shown by different sectors American society
  • Mass immigration from Europe had started in mid 19th century
  • Rate of immigrants increases hugely after 1900
  • Again, immigration increases after WW1
  • WASPs - White Anglo Saxons Protestants
41
Q

What was the Red Scare?

A 
Russian revolution 1917
-Peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. Led by Vladimir Lenin and a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks

Increased immigration from Eastern Europe after WW1

  • Many Italian immigrants did not intend to settle in the USA but hoped to make money and bring it back to their homes in Italy
  • Countries created and borders moved
  • Economic poverty

Economic hardship and trade unionism
-Irish Americans, French Canadians and German Americans competed for the best jobs and the best available housing

Radical political beliefs
-These groups tended to look down on the more recent Eastern European and Italian immigrants. These in turn had nothing but contempt for African Americans and Mexicans, who were almost at the bottom of the scale

Result: Red Scare

  • Racism towards immigrants
  • Led by Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General - head of the justice department, USA
  • Files built up on 60,000 suspected communists
  • 10,000 immigrants deported communists, illegal activities in 1919/1920.
  • Almost all minority groups accused of communist sympathies
  • Palmer eventually removed from post in 1921 after investigation from Louis Post
42
Q

State the consequences of the Red Scare

A

Immigrants and other minority groups targeted

  • Wave of disturbances, 400,000 Americans workers went on strike
  • Race riots in 25 towns
  • Strikes caused by economic hardship
  • Fear of communism combined with prejudice against immigrants was a powerful mix
  • Purges - Making society clean

Sacco and Vanzetti trial

  • Arrested In 1920 on suspicion of armed robbery and murder
  • Quickly emerged that they were Anarchists
  • Anarchists hated American system of government and believed in destroying it by creating social disorder
  • Trial changed to radical ideas more than a murder
  • Executed In 1927
  • Thayer was the judge

Immigration quotas

  • 1924 government introduced a quota system that ensured that the largest proportion of immigrants was form North-West Europe (Mainly British, Irish and Germans)
  • From more than a million immigrants a year between 1901-1910, by 1929, he number arriving in the USA had fallen to 150,000 per year
  • No Asians allowed in at all
43
Q

State the main factors of racism in the US society

A
  • African American population outnumbered white in many southern areas by mid 19th century
  • Slavery Banned and citizenship awarded after Civil War but rampant discrimination still present
  • Violence and lynching across South
  • Massive migration up North to escape discrimination, New York and Chicago
  • Inequality across the country; housing, education, health, job opportunities
  • Very little voting rights until 1960s
44
Q

What was the Kali Klux Klan?

A
  • White supremacy movement
  • It used violence to intimidate African Americans the release of the film ‘birth of a nation’ in 1915
  • Film was set up in the 1860s, just after the Civil War
  • Glorified Klan as defenders of decent Americans and corrupt white businessman
  • President Wilson had it shown in the White House
  • 1915, birth of a nation
  • 5 million members
45
Q

How did the African Americans work for progress?

A

More prosperity

  • Education and Howard University
  • Growing middle class
  • ‘Black Capitalist’ movement - invest in their own properties

Employment opportunities

  • Boycotting of stores
  • Employment by 1930

Cultural icons

  • Paul Robeson (Role model of black people)
  • Joe Oliver and Louis Armstrong (jazz singers)
  • Chicago and Harlem (poor areas to centre of jazz)

Art and literature

  • Langston Hughes (poet who writes about African Americans)
  • Countee Cullen (poet who writes about African Americans)

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People

  • WEB DuBois
  • Campaign against segregation and lynching

UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association)

  • Marcus Garvey
  • Black business
  • 1 million members in 1921
46
Q

How did the Native Americans and discrimination cause the population to decline?

A
  • Native Americans were the original settlers of the North American continent
  • Almost disappeared as an ethnic group during the rapid expansion of USA, 19th century-declining 1.5 million to 250,000 in 1920
47
Q

How did the Native Americans and discrimination cause extreme poverty?

A
  • Government did a census in the 1920s and a major survey which revealed that most lived in extreme poverty
  • Much lower life expectancy than whites
  • Worse health and had poorer education and poorly paid jobs discrimination or born poor
48
Q

How did the Native Americans and discrimination cause the loss of land and culture?

A
  • Mining companies were legally able to seize large areas of Native American land
  • Many Native Americans who owned land were giving up the struggle to survive in their traditional way and selling up
  • Children sent to special boarding schools
49
Q

How did the Native Americans and discrimination cause violence and segregation?

A
  • 1924, Native Americans were granted US citizenship and allowed to vote for the first time. Discrimination (racism)
  • 1928, Merriam Report proposed widespread improvement to the laws relating to Native Americans, and these reforms were finally introduced under Roosevelt’s New Deal In 1934
50
Q

What were the efforts made to improve the situation in the 1920s?

A

Respect after WW1
-Over 12,000 Native Americans served in the US arm forces

US citizenship
-1924 and they also got the vote

Merriam report

  • Improvement in laws for Native Americans
  • Seek to illegalise
  • Government study that there should be a widespread country

New Deal
-1934 suggestions made the Merriam Report as a US federal law

51
Q

Why did many rural Americans disagree with the theory of evolution?

A
  • They were religious people - mostly Protestants
  • Believed in the bible
  • Fundamentalists - god made the world in 6 days and on the 6th he created the human species
52
Q

What did fundamentalists value, and demand in education?

A

-They believed that studying evolution was undermining their own religion

53
Q

Were fundamentalists only concerned with religious matters?

A
  • They decided to roll back the modern ideas

- Science - different beliefs

54
Q

What was the anti-evolution league of America?

A
  • Kentucky, Tennessee and Indiana

- Organisation created by the fundamentalists

55
Q

Why was William Jennings Bryan?

A
  • He led the fundamentalists (Anti-evolutionary League)
  • He managed to pass a law banning the teaching of evolution
  • Secretary state
56
Q

What was the reaction of science teacher John Scopes to the banning of teaching evolution in schools?

A
  • He broke the law so that he could be arrested and put his case against the fundamentalists in the courts
  • Refuses to stop teaching evolution
57
Q

Why was the ‘Monkey Trial’ so important?

A
  • Because it would decide either keep teaching the theory of evolution in schools and to fundamentalists or not
  • Darrow - liberal judge
  • Butler Act
  • Broadcasted on radio
  • William Jennings Bryan - lawyer
  • National controversy
  • Modernism vs traditionalism
58
Q

What was the result of the ‘Monkey Trial’?

A
  • Victory for revolutionists

- Anti-evolution lobby was weakened

59
Q

State the different aspects of religion during prohibition

A

-Most members of this movement were devout Christians who saw what damage alcohol did to family life

60
Q

State the different aspects of patriotism during prohibition

A
  • Through the early twentieth century the campaign gathered pace
  • It became a national campaign to ban alcohol throughout the country
  • Alcoholics known as unpatriotic cowards
61
Q

State the different aspects of the temperance movement during prohibition

A
  • So strong that in some rural areas, they persuaded their state governments to prohibit the sale of alcohol within the state
  • Anti-saloon league and the women’s Christians temperance movements
62
Q

State the different aspects of the country vs town during prohibition

A
  • Leading industrialists backed the movement, believing that workers would be more reliable if they did not drink
  • Changing values of USA
63
Q

State the different aspects of support with business owners and politicians during prohibition

A
  • Politicians backed it because it got them votes in rural areas
  • By 1916, 21 states had banned saloons
64
Q

What was the volstead act, January 1920?

A
  • Movement had enough states on its side to propose the eighteenth amendment to the constitution. This ‘prohibited the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors’ it became law in January 1920
  • Noble experiment, anti-immigration
65
Q

State the effects of prohibition

A

Corruption

  • Many of the law enforcement officers were themselves involved with the liquor trade
  • Police officers were prepared to direct people to speakeasies
  • Difficult to get convictions because of arresting

Bootlegging and speakeasies
-The bootlegger George Remus did well with the sale of illegal alcohol, he had a huge network of paid officials that allowed him to escape charge after charge against him

Gangsters and organised crime

  • organised gangs made about $2 billion out of the sale of illegal alcohol
  • Gangsters generally came from immigrants backgrounds
  • In the early 1920s, the main gangs were jewish, polish, Irish and Italian
  • Generally came from poorer backgrounds within these communities
  • Poorly educated
66
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (factories)

A
  • American factories were producing more goods than they could sell
  • Some factory workers loot their jobs and other wages were cut, which made it difficult to pay rents and buy goods, therefore, factories were selling more and people were buying less
67
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (price decrease)

A
  • Farmers were left with a surplus so prices fell
  • Farming techniques improved, producing more food
  • Demanded for grain fell because of prohibition and changed In tastes in food
  • Supply goes up, prices go down
68
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (American wealth)

A
  • The wealth of America was unequally distributed
  • people who lived in the cities were richer and could therefore buy more things.
  • people who lived at the countryside couldn’t afford it
  • 42% of American were under the poverty line
  • Demand goes down
69
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (speculation)

A
  • speculation on shares had pushed their prices above their real value
  • action of purchasing and selling shares on the stock market in the hope that the value of what is purchased will increase so it can be sold off at a higher price
  • Banks are giving free credits
70
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (panicking)

A
  • People panicked when share prices started to fall

- A lot of Americans bought goods on hire purchase. As a result, they owed money to shops and credit companies

71
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (tariffs)

A
  • America put tariffs on foreign imports
  • Less demand from Europeans for food from America because they were growing their own crops and there was a tariff war
  • Protectionism and a Republican policy
72
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (shares on the margin)

A
  • economic term
  • people borrowing money in order to be able to to buy shares
  • Thousands of people saw their fortune invested in shares, or any money they had in the bank disappear. Those who had bought in the margin were in great trouble
73
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (declining industries)

A
  • Coal mining, shipbuilding and railroads were in decline or stagnant
  • Mechanisation also caused unemployment in these sectors
74
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (selling shares)

A
  • A lot of people tried to sell their shares at the same time
  • 24th October - Black Thursday - 12.8 million shares sold - stock market began to crumble
  • 29th October, Black Tuesday - collapse is economy was complete
  • 16 million shares were sold at a fraction of their price
75
Q

State the causes and the consequences of the Wall Street crash in 1929 (business and banks not regulated)

A
  • Banks speculating
  • Laissez faire
  • Few large banks in America
  • huge number of small banks which were unstable and did not have the financial resources to cope with the rush for money when the Wall Street Crash happened
  • Many banks has already closed, thousands of costumers with the money
76
Q

State the immediate effects of the Great Depression

A
  • Black Tuesday, 29th October 1929, sees 16 million shares being traded as prices plummet
  • Sold at fraction of their original price
  • Large speculators and very wealthy lost huge amounts
  • Vanderbilts lost $40 million
  • Rockefeller lost $80 million of his wealth
  • Many smaller speculators also went immediately bankrupt
  • Nearly 700 banks fail in 1929, going out of business
  • Over 5000 banks out of business by 1933
  • Bank of United States in NYC goes under with 400,000 depositors
  • Banks suffer, everyone suffers
  • Banks recall loans and business suffer
  • Widespread loss of savings and panic
  • Consumer confidence crashes
77
Q

What was the impact of the Great Depression?

A

Falling economic output

  • Share prices increased 400% in 4 years
  • From 1929-1932, 5000 banks went out of business

Falling wages and rising unemployment

  • 2.5 million unemployed within a year
  • Wages fall by 60%
  • 13 million people were out of work by 1933
  • 2 million migrant workers 1932
  • 50% industry goes down

Falling prices

  • dropped for 5 billion
  • share prices collapsing
  • 90% of values wiped out
  • agricultural prices go down

Collapse of international trade
-dropped by 45% 1929-1932

Impact on countryside

  • number of recorded deaths from starvation during the depression was 110 although many other illnesses and deaths were probably related
  • farms going out of business and losing their homes
  • mass migration
  • disinherited

Impact on towns and cities

  • Entire American banking
  • system collapsed
  • house-building fell by 80% 1929-32
  • Hoovervilles - shanty towns
  • unemployment rose quickly
  • 45 people died of starvation
78
Q

What was The Hundred Days?

A
  • FDR immediately introduces a large range of sweeping measures to resolve Depression
  • 3Rs - reform, recovery, relief
  • 15 separate pieces of legislation submitted to Congress, and all passed
  • Emergency Banking Act forces banks to close for federal checks
  • Only 5000 banks were allowed to reopen
  • confidence restored in banks
  • all banks have to be regulated
79
Q

What was FERA? States it’s objectives and effects

A

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Objective:
-To tackle the urgent needs of the poor

Effect:

  • Helps the most desperate people
  • $500 million was spent on soup kitchens, blankets, employment schemes and nursery schools
  • Confidence and trust was restored in people
80
Q

What was the CCC? State it’s objective and it’s effects

A

Civilian Conservation Corpse

Objective:
-Aimed at unemployed young men

Effect:

  • They could sign for periods of six months which could be renewed if they could still not find work
  • Environmental projects in national parks
  • 2.5 million earned and given to men’s families
81
Q

What was the AAA? State it’s objectives and it’s effects

A

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Objective:
-Tried to take a long term view of the problems facing farmers

Effect:

  • It set quotas to reduce farm production in order to force prices gradually upwards
  • Helped farmers modernise and to use farming methods that helped conserve and protect soil
  • Farmers were better off
82
Q

What was the PWA? State it’s objectives and it’s effects

A

Public Works Administration

Objective:

  • Set up 2 important organisations
  • Used governments money to build schools, airports, bridges, dams and roads

Effect:

  • These would be vital once the USA had recovered, and in the short term they created millions of jobs
  • Employs 8 million people in the 1930s
83
Q

What was the NRA? State it’s objectives and its effects

A

National Recovery Administration

Objective:

  • Set out fair wages and sensible levels of production
  • Simulates the economy by giving workers money to spend

Effect:
-Over 2 million employers joined the scheme

History (9 decks)

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