USA 1945-74 Civil Rights Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

Breakdown in relations after Potsdam 1945

Foreign Reasons

Answer

A

Truman was new president and felt he needed to be tough with Stalin. Truman had an A-bomb and didn’t feel the need to compriise with Stalin
Stalin taking over Eastern-European countries such as Romania and Poland
As this relationship deteriorated there were moves to counter communist infiltration through immigration. FBI and HUAC to stop this

Question 2

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid
1947

Foreign Reasons

Answer

A

$400m to defeat communists in Greece
Truman warned the USSR that the US would resist the advance on communism by interfering in domestic affairs of other countries
He played up the threat of communism to get the Truman doctrine to pass and this only increased communists hysteria

Question 3

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

Berlin Airlift

Foreign Reasons

Answer

A

By April 1949 US was sending 8,000 tons of supplies a day and 1,000 were using the air corridors to Berlin at a time
Stalin called the blockade off by May 1949

Question 4

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

1949 USSR tests its first nuclear weapon and China goes communist

Foreign Reasons

Answer

A

American school children bengan to practice nuclear bomb drills

Question 5

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

Korean War

Foreign Reasons

Answer

A

The US wasn’t doing well in the war against a small Asian country despite the full support of the UN. This caused people to look for a scapegoat and they looked for them in the government

Question 6

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

FBI

Domestic Reasons

Answer

A

The FBI director J Edgar Hoover was staunchly agasint communism. The FBI had extensive files on suspected communists
FBI agents helped to get evidence that convicted the Rosenbergs in 1951

Question 7

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

HUAC

Domestic Reasons

Answer

A

Formed in 1938 to root out anti-americans, fascists and radicals. In 1945 it changed to focus on communists

Question 8

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

FELP

Domestic Reasons

Answer

A

Truman formed FELP in 1947. It had the power to fire people who worked in federal government if there were reasonable grounds that they were disloyal to the US

Question 9

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

HUAC trials of Hollywood

Domestic Reasons

Answer

A

The hysteria that FELP whipped up caused HUAC to look for more communists. In 1947 10 members of hollywood were sent to prison for a year and blacklisted from hollywood as didn’t deny that they were a member of the communsist party

Question 10

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

Trial of Algar Hiss

Domestic Reasons

Answer

A

Hiss was a member of the US state department. In 1948 he was found guilty of lying to court and sentenced to 5 years in prison. He was never found gulty of being a spy but it still increased the hysteria.

Question 11

Q

Causes of the Red Scare Post 1945

Rosenberg Trial 1950

Domestic Reasons

Answer

A

Juluis and Ethel Rosenber were covicted of selling nuclear secrets to the USSR. They were the scapegoat for the USSR having an atomic bomb

Question 12

Q

Cause of the Red Scare Post 1945

1950 Mcarron Act

Domestic Reasons

Answer

A

The act required communist organisations to register with the governemtn and give a list of members. It took away communists passports so they coundn’t travel

Question 13

Q

What was the impact of the Cold War on the USA after 1945

Answer

A

It had a serious impact on domestic policy and behaviour:
* Fear generated by FELP, Hiss and McCarthyism
* USSR getting a-bomb made more fear: drills in schools, rush to get H-bomb and fear of leaked information e.g. Rosenbergs

Question 14

Q

What was the impact of HUAC

Answer

A

It rooted out communists such as Algar Hiss. They also impacted hollywood due to the hollywood 10. They blacklisted a total of 320 people from working in the entertainment industry

Question 15

Q

What was the impact of FELP

Answer

A

It created fear that there was communist infiltration at all levels. By 1953 39 states had loyalty programms, they had to sign oaths or be fired.
3 million were checked and 3,000 were forced to resign

Question 16

Q

What was the impact of the fear of spies in the USA in the late 1940s

Answer

A

Justine seemed to be undermined
Both the Hiss and Rosenberg case hinged on dubious evidence and they were both controverial convictions
It encouraged the FBI to check on governemtn workers, FELP

Question 17

Q

Impacts of the Hiss Case

Answer

A

It suggested that lack of real proof didn’t matter
He was convicted of lying to court and not of being spy. There was little evidence to show that he was a spy.
It brought Richard Nixon to proominence - Nixon would be the next Republican Vice-president candidate

Question 18

Q

Impacts of the Rosenberg Case

Answer

A

They were blamed for the USSR getting the A-bomb. Despite there being little evidence for this as they had once been members of the communist party but not at the time of the trial
They were victims of anti-semitism and McCarthyism

Question 19

Q

Causes of McCarthy’s rise to prominence after 1950

The spies and previous trials

Answer

A

It was only possible for McCarthy to rise to prominence as fact and fiction started to merge meaning it was easy to lie and get away with it. In 1950 he claimed that 205 members of the US civil service were communist sympathizers and the Secretary of State knew and let them keep working

Question 20

Q

Causes of McCarthy’s rise to prominence after 1950

Republican Encouragement

Answer

A

Republicans were aggresive as they had been out of power for 17 years so they wanted to make a stand. He became popular when he attacks hurt the democrat party. Eisenhower and Nixon would both listen to him

Question 21

Q

Causes of McCarthy’s rise to prominence after 1950

He voiced the views of many

Answer

A

Estimated that 25% of the country supported him. He had a broad base for support: people who were worried about the failure of the US to deal with communism and people worried by taxes and the government.

Question 22

Q

Causes to the end of McCarthyism

Politicians speaking out

Answer

A

In 1953 Truman spoke out agasint him. As McCarthy rejected Trumans choice of Ambassador to the USSR.
People also feared that it was hurting the US’ repuation abrad. Some suggested that it was hurting exported

Question 23

Q

Causes to the end of McCarthyism

End of the War

Answer

A

In 1953 the Korean War ended. As the external situation calmed down so did the internal one in the US. As a lot of the hysteria was linked to the War. Stalin also died in 1953 and his replacement was ready to improve relations with the West

Question 24

Q

Causes to the end of McCarthyism

Attack on the army

Answer

A

McCarthy wasn’t calming down and one of his assistants was drafted into the army. Due to this he decided looking into the army. He accused 45 army officers of being communist agents and he argued that General Marshall was helping to spread communism. Americans were proud of their army and they throught McCarthy was going too far. He was found to be anusing his privilege by faking evidence and then McCarthyism ended pretty much.

Question 25

Q

Causes to the end of McCarthyism

TV

Answer

A

On a TV programme called See it now McCarthy was exposed. It caused public opinion to drop. Jan 1954 - 50% approval of McCarthy — Aug 1954 - 36%

Question 26

Q

Causes to the end of McCarthyism

Mid-terms

Answer

A

The democrats won the mid-terms in 1954. The Senate then demanded that McCarthy be censured for improper conduct. McCarthy was blamed for the republican defeat.

Question 27

Q

What was the impact of McCarthyism

Anti-communist laws

Answer

A

In 1950 the McCarron act was passed. Requied suspected organisations to register and to also give a list of members. It took away all communists passports.
Communist control act - banned the communist party in America.
McCarren-walter immigration act in 1952 - Gave Northern and Western Europe 85% of immigration quota.

Question 28

Q

What was the impact of McCarthyism

Political effects

Answer

A

Politicians exaggerated the threat - attorney general said that reds were everywhere
Nixon and Reagan both made their names by opposing communism
Democrats suffered - they lost the 52 election due to fear of communists in the government, failure to prosecute the korean war

Question 29

Q

What was the impact of McCarthyism

Ruining careers through blacklists

Answer

A

McCarthy ruined many lives he got 400 people sent to prison.
117 imprisoned for contempt of congress. More than all of the 1800s
If you were on a blacklist then you couldn’t get a passport of live in federal housing

Question 30

Q

The impact of the Brown decison

Support of Supreme Court and federal government

Answer

A

It was a unanimous decision in support of overturning separate but equal
There was a second case in which the SC said states had to comply with ‘all due speed’ as they weren’t desegregating fast enough

Question 31

Q

The impact of the Brown decision

The impact on black schools and civil rights movement

Answer

A

Showed that NAACP tactics worked.
Officially ended separate but equal and that supported a lot of Jim Crow laws all of which could now be challenged.
Increased awareness of civil rights and led to more cases being taken to court

Question 32

Q

The impact of the Brown decision

State non-compliance

Answer

A

Less than 12% of 6300 schools in the south integrated
In the 2 years after the case passed over 450 laws were passed in the south to stop the ruling from being enforced
Texas Governor used troops to stop integration

Question 33

Q

The impact of the Brown decision

Citizens Councils

Answer

A

Had 250,000 members by 1956 and had links to the KKK
Black Monday was the name of the book for the movement, it had the idea of creating a 49th state for black people and getting rid of public schools

Question 34

Q

The impact of the Brown decision

Violence and imtimidation

Answer

A

KKK became to re-emerge - so more beating and lynchings
8/15 lynchings in the 1950s happened after the 1954 decision.

Question 35

Q

Impact of the murder of Emmett Till

Publicity

Answer

A

His body was unrecognizable but he still had an open coffin funeral to show the reality of lynching in the south

Question 36

Q

Impact of the murder of Emmett Till

Motivated civil rights movement

Answer

A

Rosa Parks said it was her motivation
Could be seen as the start of the proper civil righs movement: local protests
It encouraged more people to join the cvil rights movement

Question 37

Q

The impact of Little Rock

Federal support

Answer

A

Showed that Eisenhower would put the full weight of the government behind desegregation. He stood up to governor Faubus
Federalised 10,000 troops to allow children to attend class
It set the precedent of the government intervening

Question 38

Q

The impact of Little Rock

Publicity

Answer

A

It made the US look bad as they had to use tropps agasint one of thier own states.
There were many photos of the mob and how full of hatred they were

Question 39

Q

The impact of Little Rock

Resistance

Answer

A

72% of people in Little Rock were against integration
Mississippi didn’t have a single integrated school

Question 40

Q

The impact of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Desegregation/Supreme Court/Federal help

Answer

A

Browder v Gayle in 1956 said that bus segregation was unconstitutional. In 1960 another ruling said that interstate bus terminals must be desegregated too

Question 41

Q

The impact of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

White community defiance

Answer

A

King’s house was attacked and there was intimidation of participants to stop boycotting
4 black churches bombed

Question 42

Q

The impact of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Non-violent civil disobedience

Answer

A

This was MLKs philosophy which he drew from Gandi. He thought that fair mined people would be more likely to show support if the campaign was peaceful. It allowed to the movement to get better TV coverage so they got more publicity and the world could see

Question 43

Q

The impact of the 1957 Civil Rights Act

Federal support

Answer

A

It showed the growing federal commitment to the cause of civil rights. It was the first time in 82 years that the government did something positive for civil rights. It also acknowledged that people were being prevented from voting.

Question 44

Q

The impact of the 1957 Civil Rights Act

Limited impact on voting

Answer

A

The act allowed federal courts to prosecute states who tried to prevent people from voting. However, people were disappointed and wanted more for voting rights.

Question 45

Q

The impact of Martin Luther King in the 1950s

Leadership of Montgomery Bus Boycott

Answer

A

He led the MIA
His arrest during the boycott gained a lot of publicity.
He organised the car pools

Question 46

Q

The impact of Martin Luther King in the 1950s

Non-violent civil disobedience

Answer

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Question 47

Q

The impact of Martin Luther King in the 1950s

Non-violent civil disobedience

Answer

A

This was MLKs philosophy which he drew from Gandi. He thought that fair mined people would be more likely to show support if the campaign was peaceful. It allowed to the movement to get better TV coverage so they got more publicity and the world could see

Question 48

Q

The impact of Martin Luther King in the 1950s

South Christian Leadership Conference

Answer

A

Motto of SCLC ‘To redeem the soul of America’
Believed they could transform the soul of the aggressor. By confronting and admitting the wrongs of the white so they could become better people.
They didn’t always agree with the NAACP

Question 49

Q

What was the most significant event in civil rights from 1960-63

Sit ins

Answer

A

It was a non-violent tactic of forcing change started by students. Example of a successufl non-violent protest. More than 300 students were invovled
Started in Woolworths in Greensboro

Question 50

Q

What was the most significant event in civil rights from 1960-63

Freedom Riders

Answer

A

Supreme Court confimed that inter-state buses and stations should be desegregated. CORE tested this through the freedom riders which was riding buses in the south. They hoped to get a reaction from whites. They did at Anniston, there was a bus that was firebomed there in 1961

Question 51

Q

What was the most significant event in civil rights from 1960-63

James Meredith

Answer

A

He tried to enrol at Mississippi university and he was supported by the Supreme Court and JFK however the uni and its governor refused. There were riots and so JFK sent 320 federal marshals to escort Meredith. It worked and he registered but had to be guarded all year

Question 52

Q

What was the impact of the sit-ins

Desegregation

Answer

A

By 1961, 801 towns and cities had desegregated public areas, this was due to profits suffering
It helped CORE turn from a small group of pacifists into an effective civil rights movement
Showed that peaceful protest could work and get publicity

Question 53

Q

What was the impact of the sit-ins

Federal action

Answer

A

Supreme Court ruled in 1964 that restaurants serving whites only were unconstitutional
Eisenhower spoke in support of the sit-ins but didn’t intervene

Question 54

Q

What was the impact of the sit-ins

Publicity

Answer

A

The students were spat on etc but they didn’t retaliate
They got a lot of publicity and sympathy
They also didn’t pay bail so it caused jail to become overcrowed. Saying of ‘jail not bail’

Question 55

Q

What was the impact of the sit-ins

Civil rights organisations

Answer

A

The first mass protest movement - 70,000 by Aug 1961
It could be applied anywhere e.g. swim-ins and read-ins
Signalled a major shift in younger and more militant activists
MLK spoke to the students to help keep them going

Question 56

Q

What was the impact of the sit-ins

Civil rights divisions

Answer

A

NAACP helped wasn’t keen - Thurgood Marshall said it was expensive and impractical. NAACP was angry that the goal of voter registration was ignored
King wanted students to join SCLC but they wanted to form SNCC
Not much effect in deep southern states
Obtaining federal support was patchy

Question 57

Q

What was the impact of the freedom riders

Violence/publicity

Answer

A

Southerners were angry at the intrusion - brought out the KKK
Riders got publicity for being arrested and also for attacks e.g. firebomb in Anniston
In Birmingham, Bull Connor game the KKK time on their own with the riders

Question 58

Q

What was the impact of the freedom riders

Civil rights movement

Answer

A

Revitalised CORE as it doubled its membership and reached 52,000 by December 1961. SNCC joined in
Changed the cr movement - younger and more radical people
MLK was accused of getting all the glory despite not being involved

Question 59

Q

What was the impact of the freedom riders

Government help

Answer

A

Government assigned federal marshals to support the riders
Justice department was told to enforce laws against segregation

Question 60

Q

What was the impact of the Meredith case

Federal action

Answer

A

JFK was forced to act and sent 2,000 troops to restore order
300 soldiers had to stay with Meredith for the whole year

Question 61

Q

What was the impact of the Meredith case

Desegregation

Answer

A

After this there were no issues with blacks registering at universities
Governor Wallace of Alabama tried to resit people registering

Question 62

Q

Why target Birmingham in 1963

Slow progress

Answer

A

1957 cr act not working; as segregation still there due to white resistance
Kennedy’s New frontier had failed as many black people still lived in poverty

Question 63

Q

Why target Birmingham in 1963

Bull Connor and Alabama governor George Wallace

Answer

A

Connor was the chief of police and endangered freedom riders and had a short temper
Gov Wallace was elected on a pro-segregation campaign
It meant that any civil rights activities there would lead to violence and therefore publicity

Question 64

Q

Why target Birmingham in 1963

Birmingham had bad civil rights record

Answer

A

KKK was strong there
Black music was banned the radio
Nicknamed Bombingham due to the regular bombing of black houses and businesses
If they could change Birmingham then they could change anywhere

Answer 65

A

It was a large town with high proportion of blacks - 43% black
Business leaders in Brumm felt that segregation did them no good

Answer 66

A

ACMHR (Alabame Christian Movement for Human RIghts), SCLC and SNCC were all in Birmingham

Answer 67

A

MLK got arrested for not having a permit for a parade. Him being in prison gained publicity
1,000 arrested and jails were so full that Connor sent dogs to attack protestors and this was seen on tv
A black church in Birmingham was bombed and 4 children were killed

Answer 68

A

MLK and city leaders reached an agreement, as leaders were worried about economic impact of protests - led to black people being able to get jobs that only whites could get before
In the following weeks, 14,000 arrested in protests about segregation in 186 towns and cities across America
However many facilities in Birmingham continued to be segregated

Answer 69

A

JFK sent in negotiators to help make a deal for the city. Wallace sent in state troops to stop talks. JFK sent in federal troops to restore order
JFk deiced that something needed to change and started to push for new civil rights bill. It passed in 1964

Answer 70

A

250,000 people marched, 80,000 whites
Marlon Brando and others were there so it got a lot of publicity
MLK’s speech was inspirational and brought a lot more people into the movement

Answer 71

A

Leader of SNCC (John Lewis) said that the efforts of students were being ignored He caused controversy and it was clear that the cr movement was starting to split
Malcolm X called it a picnic and that it was taken over by whites. He called it the farce on Washington

Answer 72

A

It didn’t change any republican congressman’s minds and they would still oppose a civil rights bill if it came through.
It put the demand for civil rights at the fore of people’s thoughts
JFK met with 1500 leaders in religion, labour and business to discuss civil rights and he couldn’t promise a stronger bill

Answer 73

A

Summer project established 30 freedom schools attended by more than 3,000 young black students.
The schools meant that they could pass literacy tests
However, only 9% of the people that tried passed

Answer 74

A

There was a lot of violence which is why many people failed to register - some were threatened with job losses or had their property attacked
3 were arrested by a police chief (Cecil Price) who was a KK member when they were released they were attacked and shot by a mob. Bobby Kennedy sent the FBI to find the killers. This brought a lot of publicity to the area.

Answer 75

A

Freedom summer brought attention to the racial oppression in Mississippi. It strengthened the resolve of the activists. Many of the activists went on to become leaders in black power and the women’s movements of the 1960s

Answer 76

A

There were 3 marches in total
Aim was to travel to petition Wallace: To go from Selma to Montgomery
1. Bloody Sunday on the 7th of March, protesters attacked with clubs and tear gas outside Selma
2. 9th of March. MLK organised it. They got to the bridge but they got turned back as they were faced by state troopers. In the evening there were beatings and a preacher died from them
3. 21st of March the march happened as LBJ said the march was legal

Answer 77

A

He took control of the Alabama National Guard to allow the 3rd march to happen
LBJ puts forward the voting rights bill in March of 65
He spoke to the nation on TV. Congress passed the act quickly

Answer 78

A

Huge number of casualties and 3 deaths
There were images of Alabama law enforcement beating nonviolent protesters and this was shown across the world. It made people think that the segregationist movement was one of state-endorsed terrorism against non-whites

Answer 79

A

MLK was accused of being too nice to the whites over the second, abandoned march
SNCC wanted to directly confront the police and move away from King’s idea of non-violence

Answer 80

A

It ended segregation in all public places. By 1965 a total of 214 cities were desegregated
2/3 of Mississippi and Alabama towns were desegregated
Desegregating schools was slow progress and more Supreme court decisions had to be made

Answer 81

A

All state projects must include racial integration or the gov would withhold funds
Employment Opportunities Commission stated the all Americans were entitled to equal employment opportunities

Answer 82

A

The act was enforced by the gov.
Gov could remove funding from state projects that discriminated in employment
Said that the Departments of health, education adn welfare could withold funding from schools if they refused to make de-segregation

Answer 83

A

Disallowed different registration standards for blacks and whites
the fact that there needed to be a voting rights act a year after shows that the civil rights act that it was ineffective for voting. There were low registration figures.

Answer 84

A

Ended litaracy tests and established a national literacy test level of a 10 year old
Every election was covered by this

Answer 85

A

Gave the president the power to intervene in the construction of fair electoral rolls.
Justice Dep could intervene and suspend discriminatory registrati0on tets in counties where less than 50% registered

Answer 86

A

Helped around 1m people vote by 1968
By 1966 only 4 confederate states had under 50% registration
6-fold increase in blacks registered for office
Thurgood Marshall appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967

Answer 87

A

MLK was arrested for having a parade without a permit. Him being in jail got a lot of publicity and the letter he sent was also famous
Led to JFK putting forward the civil rights bill in 1963

Answer 88

A

MLKs speech was powerful and he won the Nobel peace prize for keeping to the principles of non-violence
It was inspirational and possibly bought a lot more people into the movement

Answer 89

A

The marches shifted public opinion on the Civil Rights movement. The brutality of the Alabama law enforcement was shown on TV and help change people’s view of the segregationist movement.
Led to LBJ putting the voting rights act forward

Answer 90

A

Focussed on the northern cities - possibly due to attention drawn to ghettos by Malcolm X and black panthers. Also wanted to show that non-violence was the way. Chicargo Freedom Movement 1966: Helped to get the mayor of Chicago to build public housing and get mortgages for black people.
Operation Breadbasket aimed at abolishing racist hiring polices
Poor peoples campaign in Washington DC set up free food programms in poor areas

Answer 91

A

Malcolm X and Stokley Carmichael were critical of the March on Washington
SNCC said that King was too close to white people
Criticised for calling off the first march at Selma, SNCC wanted to confront the police and move away from MLKs non-violent methods
In Chicago, the protesters were attacked and the mayor did nothing
None of the agreements reached in Chicago were upheld

Answer 92

A

He helped to grow the movement - Christain faith was popular and he was well-educated. New method of protest was popular and inclusive
Made whites feel comfortable and got a lot of white support e.g. Washington March
However, he split the movement - youth and northerners felt left out, SNCC began to split away. His methods were slow, civil rights bill got stuck in congress despite all his activities

Answer 93

A

Positives:
- Groups such as CORE and SNCC enacted change in Birmingham.
- Their actions prompted the government to send federal help, like the freedom riders.

Negatives:
- They often relied on federal help, such as the freedom riders, to achieve their goals.
- Sometimes their efforts seemed to receive no immediate reaction, as in the case of Birmingham where it took too long for change to occur.

Answer 94

A

JFK put forward the civil rights bill and used Bobby Kennedy in various places to support the movement
LBJ got two bits of legislation through being cr bill in 64 and the voters rights Act in 65. They were both key in improving rights
Used troops to help in Selma, Little Rock and with James Meredith for example
However
Poverty and ghettos weren’t helped by legislation.
It also took until 1970 to fully desegregate schools

Answer 95

A

The racism and reaction of whites generated huge publicity and that contributed to the progress of the Civil Rights Movement. Such as Bull Connnor and George Wallace.
However, they did shock the world with the media coverage of the bruital acts during Birmingham and Selma. This prompted federal intervention and then legislation. But this was only due to the action of civil rights groups as Wallace wouldn’t have reacted without being prompted.

Answer 96

A

Birmingham, Selma and Sit-ins were all shown across the world. A lot of publicity as they show white racists in action
The reaction of the whites was needed and also the courage of the Civil Rights movement to do the protests.

Answer 97

A

It offered a new approach which was popular among young blacks. As shown as membership numbers: 500 in 1952 and then 40,000 in 1962
Malcolm X helped set up educational and social programmes aimed at black youths in ghettos

Answer 98

A

Scandal over Elijah Muhammad and the killing of Malcolm X proved problematic
Criticised on their views on separatism that mixed race marriages should not take place

Answer 99

A

Not afraid to say that King’s non-violent approach wasn’t working
Called the March on Washington a farce
Influenced a generation of young urban blacks who felt they could more easily identify with him compared to ‘black aristocrat’ like MLK
He used threat of violence as a weapon
Affected MLK as he made him more radical and more willing to adopt a position of black pride.
Argued that he raised the self-esteem fo blacks more than any other movement or person

Answer 100

A

Believed that black people are Africans and not Americans
He thought they should have a separate state or go back to Africa
He said that northern racism was more insidious than racism in the south as it was disguised in the north.
His 1964 organisation of Afro-American Unity was to help black people have closer links with Africa

Answer 101

A

He was a big impact on Stokley Carmichael and therefore helped to split the civil rights movement. X was portrayed as dangerous and racist by the press. He threatened to undermine the tenuous support that civil rights leaders got from the government as he challenged integration.

Answer 102

A

Due to mounting tension over police brutality and relative poverty in urban black communities. Blacks had waited long enough as MLKs philosophy hadn’t reached them. A new way was coming which was militant adn urged people to take control for themselves
Splits in the movement had been occuring for some time e.g. SNCC
Young urban blacks wanted to be more active belived tath it was not wrong to defend yourself when your under attack - basic human right

Answer 103

A

Also known as March against fear
Meredith aimed to march from Memphis to Jackson to encourage voter registration.
He was shot on day 2 and then the march began to split massively.
MLK’s movement split off and went to Philadelphia in the end.
Stokley Carmichael first coined black power at this march

Answer 104

A

During Meredith March objected to King’s peaceful stance and led movement into militancy. He used the phrase black power for the first time.
The media used the phrase as evidence for the division of the civil rights movement.
In 1967 he co-wrote a book on black power

Answer 105

A

He created the term black power and it became the rallying cry for a younger more radical generation of civil rights activists
He helped people find self-esteem and contributed to the black is beautiful movement

Answer 106

A

Partially responsible for splitting the civil rights movement.
He said whites no longer had a role to play in the struggle for black freedom.
Said that SNCC members should carry guns for self-defence and changed its philosophy to one that expelled all whites.

Answer 107

A

Tommie Smith and John Carlos won medals in the 200m and during the national anthem gave a black power salute
World Media highlighted the civil rights issues and it inspired thousands of young blacks to join black power groups
Brought Black Power to international attention

Answer 108

A

Carlos and Smith were banned from the athlete’s village and sent back to the USA. They were accused of bringing politics into sports and damaging the Olympic spirit.
When they got back they received death threats as some felt they had brought the flag into disrepute. They were banned from representing their countries.

Answer 109

A

Had a 10-point manifesto which included supporting the black community through welfare programmes such as health clinics and free school breakfasts.
Had a large impact on life in the ghettos. Businesses donated money
Panthers would monitor police behaviour and follow the police about the ghetto.
The party was inclusive of white people

Answer 110

A

Huge publicity despite being small (2,000 members) as they were visible and they carried guns. There was violence e.g. 1969 27 killed in shootouts with police and leaders arrested.
Huey Newton ran extortion rackets and was arrested by the FBI

Answer 111

A

The Black is Beautiful movement aimed to show black people that their natural skin colour, facial features and hair were all beautiful despite what was said such as natural hair being ugly. It made being proud to be black and to display black culture
Inspired native Americans and Hispanics to protest and perhaps also the gay community

Answer 112

A

Panthers had 10 point plan to improve life in ghettoes by organised medical clinics and giving free shoes and classes on black history.
Brought Nothern issues to people’s attention - MLK goes north in 1968 to Chicago and Operation Breadbasket.

Answer 113

A

The 1972 National Black Political Convention was a milestone in black power politics, excluding whites and setting goals such as electing black representatives to Congress and achieving community control of schools.

Answer 114

A

The damage done by the race riots (unfairly linked to black power)
Links to violence - Black power supported self-defence
Panthers carried guns and were involved in shoot-out with FBI
By late 1960s, 90% of Americans were opposed to more legislation. Could be responsible for Nixon pulling campaigns such as him stopping bussing.
White American associated the race riots with black power even though there was no obvious connection

Answer 115

A

White Urban Flight: White people leaving cities led to deteriorating facilities, ghettoes formed with poor services, schools, and food poisoning. 7.5m blacks in north faced high unemployment and poverty. Reforms slowed due to Vietnam War, while Nixon lacked interest in further change.

Answer 116

A

5 days after the VRA was passed a black ghetto in LA erupted with riots lating 5 days. It was sparked by white police offiercs treating some blacks roughly. By the end of the riots 34 were killed and 4,000 arrested.

Answer 117

A

Didn’t cause the first riots but it might’ve helped them spread.
As the news spread, there were riots and 30 died with thousands injured
Blacks said that MLK was killed by White America
After King’s death, 125 cities rioted and 46 died.

Answer 118

A

Cleveland, Brooklyn Atlanta rioted for the next 3 years. 125 cities in all 130 dead with $700m in damages
Damage was mostly done in black areas. The riots destroyed many houses and businesses. They also depressed property values for decades.
Many black neighbourhoods experienced arson as there were 15,000 separate incidents of it.

Answer 119

A

Destroyed white liberal support and so harmed blacks e.g. Mayors of Detroit and New York both voted out
United the divided white on the issue of civil rights and could’ve contributed to the white backlash
By late 1960s 90% of Americans were opposed to legislation and 73% believed that slums were blacks’ fault.
They were unwilling to agree that police brutality took place

Answer 120

A

Gov established Kerner Commission to investigate the riots. The commission recommended a policy which combined ghetto enrichment with programs designed to encourage integration of blacks into society outside of ghettos.
MLK hospital was built in Newark

Answer 121

A

Focussed on northern cities at last - maybe due to attention put on ghettos by Malcolm X and Black Panthers
Also, MLK wanted to show that non-violence was still the way after the Watts riots
Chicago Freedom Movement 1966: Got an agreement with the mayor of Chicago to build public housing
Poor People’s Campaign in Washington DC set up free food programmes in poor areas

Answer 122

A

In Chicago, protesters were attacked in the main park when they were marching - the mayor ignored it. Attacked with bottles and bricks.
Whites resented their arrival
None of the agreements reached in Chicago were upheld

Answer 123

A

In Jan 64 he appointed two black judges to the federal bench
67 Supreme Court decision on marriage allowing blacks and whites to marry
Affirmative action programmes so that black people could get jobs; in Philadelphia targets were set for firms to employ blacks - numbers rose from 1% to 12% of the total workforce

Answer 124

A

Equal Opportunity Act 1972. This gave the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) authority to sue federal courts if there is reasonable cause that there has been employment discrimination in the case of public employment.
In 1974 the Uni of California mandated that the entering class of the statewide university system aim to have the same share of minorities as the state’s high school graduating class

Answer 125

A

Bussing was controversial and it caused white people to move out of areas to make sure their children didn’t go to school with black children who were bussed in.
After the SC ruling in 71 which allowed bussing, Nixon went on TV to speak against bussing and tried to overturn it. The practice declined, and by the end of 74 integration in the south dropped by 40%

Answer 126

A

More than 76 million babies born during the post-WWII ‘baby boom’
In the 50s a separate youth culture had emerged and by the 60s this generation was entering college
College campuses teemed with young people who had the freedom to question the moral and spiritual health of the nation. These young people became a vital component of social change movements of the 60s

Answer 127

A

From the late 50s young people had been getting involved in these protests. It might’ve made them question other parts of life
In addition it inspired other movements

Answer 128

A

By the mid-60s nearly 3/4 of students finished high school and half of those went to college. 7m by the 60s and unis also grew to huge proportions and students complained they were being ‘processed’ to follow the path of their parents

Answer 129

A

Post-WWII US incomes rose, boosting middle-class growth. US GDP increased 250% from 1945-1960. Economic security prompted concerns about poverty, discrimination, and social issues.
Inequality sparked organization and national attention.
Youth blamed older generation for society’s problems.

Answer 130

A

A 1950/60s political movement for radical social, political, and educational changes. Inspired by civil rights, social injustice, and the Vietnam war, it primarily comprised student groups like SDS and gained popularity in universities.

Answer 131

A

In the 30s, Americans suffered in the Great Depression. Roosevelt created new deal programs to fight unemployment and poverty. For the first time federal government assumed a major role in ensuring the welfare of its citizens. Americans began to look to the government to give benefits to the needy and legal protection to the powerless.
By the 60s, many Americans believed that the federal government had to power and responsibility to protect them from unfair and unjust social forces. People started to pressure all branches of the federal government to provide a solution to the issues of the nation.

Answer 132

A

America’s role as a global power provided people who were advocating social change with a powerful argument. Activists said how can the US tell African and Asian countries to reject communism and have a more US way of life when racism and inequality are a part of US life.
They said that they need to work toward democracy and equality for all citizens if they wanted to win the cold war.

Answer 133

A

Cuban Revolution caused some young people to turn to radical political movements (around 5% of 21-25-year-olds). Che Guevara was a hero of the age. The most radical considered Castro and Mao were bringing better visions of bringing justice and equality to people.
Vietnam War increased distance between the youth and their parents.
Students object to the drafts, methods of war and high casualties. They were supported by the media who televised pictures of the war every night

Answer 134

A

There were protests by Women, Students and hippies across the world e.g. London in LSE and Paris in 68. Many were linked to a lack of power, Vietnam, and feminism.
In Northern Ireland, there were many Catholic protests in favour of civil rights.

Answer 135

A

It was all seen on TV - the war, the civil rights protests and so on

Answer 136

A

The availability of new and more effective forms of birth control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. The option of recreational sex without the threat of unwanted pregnancy radically changed the social dynamic and permitted both women and men much greater freedom in the selection of sexual lifestyles outside the confines of traditional marriage

Answer 137

A

In addition, new music (Dylan, Beatles, Baez, Hendrix) and drug culture became important. Many lyrics related to the protests

Answer 138

A

SDS formed in 150 colleges, reached 100,000 members by 1968. Initially focused on civil rights and urban improvement. Opposed nuclear weapons and anti-communism. Became more militant during the war, occupying campus buildings. Split into factions by 1969, including the notorious weatherman group that used terrorist tactics.

Answer 139

A

It was a manifesto of the SDS saying that US universities had no flexibility and weren’t open to new ideas. They were campaigning for a greater say in what they were taught and how. It also aimed to help the poor. It said that its members were well of but uncomfortable in the world they inherit.
It was a statement of the new left and only struck a chord with like-minded students. It may have kicked off the student movement but the movement itself spawned lots of different ones such as civil rights, the free speech movement and so on

Answer 140

A

They argued their right to free speech was being challenged and they resisted. The FSM sparked an unprecedented wave of student activism and involvement.
Their activism paved the way for future students in California who would focus on the Vietnam War.
It became too radical for more conservative students. It never really had the support of the wider community. Older people often regarded the students as over-privileged and troublemakers.

Answer 141

A

Days of rage in 69 in Chicago lasted 4 days - anti-government demonstrations. Protested the trial of the Chicago 7. The days of rage cost Chicago $180,000 and 287 members of the weathermen were arrested.
The weathermen started by bombing police HQs and government buildings in 1970 and members made it onto the FBI most wanted list.
Many made it onto the top 10 most wanted. They divereted 100s of agents and tens of millions of dollars away from traditional crime.

Answer 142

A

Napalm and Agent Orange - chemical warfare.
Massacres - My Lai 1968 - death of 300-400 villagers and homes burnt

Answer 143

A

Draft meant uncertainty for young - 19 was average age as older and richer students got out of the draft.
Civil Rights leaders said that draft was unfair - 24% of combat deaths were black in 1965
Government saw universities as recruiting grouds for cadet corps - Kent State Campus (this was burnt down by protesters)

Answer 144

A

Vietnam War cost $170bn
This led to inflation and devaluation of the $ as a result
Lack of social reform - LBJ Great Society Reform programme had to be cut and programmes on education and health failed

Answer 145

A

Events: Mass rallies were held, slogans against the president “hell no we won’t go”. Sit-ins and teach-ins.
Draft dodging also took place
Impacts: Draft Dodging created a diverse atmosphere - older Americans who fought in WWII were disapproving of the younger generation
Thousands of young Americans had to cross to Canada to resit being arrested and the government was eventually forced to pardon them

Answer 146

A

Events: First teach-in took place in Michigan in 65. A small group planned to strike to protest the war. 50 professors decided to make a stand and teach a special session concerning the war
Impacts: Several thousand people turned up to the first teach-in and the move was copied. Within months, more than 120 schools held similar events

Answer 147

A

Events: Thousands of students volunteered to work for Eugene McCarthy who ran on the issue of ending the war. At the convention in Chicago, the SDS created a riot in order to destroy the election chances of pro-war candidate Hubert Humphrey
Impacts: Tom Haydon and 6 others were arrested and convicted of crossing state lines to incite a riot became known as the Chicago Seven.
It embarrassed the Democrats and it may have impacted the election as Nixon and the Republicans won and he promised to end the war within 6 months.

Answer 148

A

Events: Kent State Uni Ohio, 1970: Students protesting against the war moving into Cambodia and they were fired on by national guardsmen.
There had been 4 days of protests which included the burning down of the Campus Officer Training Corps. 2000 protesters on the last day and they refused to move and shots were fired.
Impacts: Encouraged more protests across college campuses. Led to 400 colleges being closed as 2m students went on strike. 2 students were shot dead at another university. Parents were angry when the president seemed to show a lack of sympathy.

Answer 149

A

In America, a lot of people felt that a public protest against the war was unpatriotic as American soldiers were fighting the war.
Nixon called those shot at Kent State ‘bums’ this angered parents but older Americans and veterans probably agreed.
Veterans and older Americans were disgusted with flag-burning and draft doging.

Answer 150

A

The movement greatly increased scepticism about the morality of American foreign policy and the purpose of sending American troops into combat.
It taught Americans to think more about their nation’s foreign policy
During the cold war, Americans just accepted their president’s foreign policy without question. After Vietnam, people demanded that foreign policy be debated. Led to the War Powers Act of 1973 - which said that the president can send the US armed forces into action abroad but only a declaration of war by Congress or if the US is attacked

Answer 151

A

The “Summer of Love” refers to the 1967 San Francisco, where young people travelled from across America and beyond, attracted by the promise of the chance to cast off conservative social values and experiment with drugs and sex. Many came for the Monterey Pop Festival

Answer 152

A

The theory of the commune was that no one was in charge and all resources were pooled. The San Fran Diggers were a radical community and improvisational actors in Haight Ashbury in 1967-68. The Diggers provided free food, medical care, transport, and temporary housing. They also organised free music concerts.

Answer 153

A

In 1969, UC Berkeley demolished nearby buildings for future development. The neglected land became unsightly. People took action by planting trees and flowers. The governor ordered its destruction, sparking a 2-week occupation of Berkeley. Flower Power emerged as hippies defiantly planted flowers citywide.

Answer 154

A

In August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair took place in Bethel, New York, which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. The hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seem to have gained real-world expression. Similar rock festivals occurred in other parts of the country, which played significant role in spreading hippie ideals throughout America

Answer 155

A

It shaped the ideals of people who started to listen to hippies’ beliefs. Homosexuality and transsexuality became more accepted and subcultures developed. The gay rights movement took off in the 1960s
States legalised homosexuality during the 1970s.

Answer 156

A

LBJ may have been influenced by the movement to pass more environmental legislation.
Gaylord (yes that’s his name) Nelson created Earth Day in 1970 to create a unified outcry that would help make politicians take notice of environmental harm. It worked and caused the creation of the US Environmental Protection AGency and several acts to protect water, air and endangered species.

Answer 157

A

Women became better educated: 1950 - 720,000 went to Uni by 1960 which was 1.3m.
But these graduates didn’t have great career prospects and some courses were closed to them such as engineering
A JFK commission found that 95% of managers in companies were men and women earned 50-60% less than men when doing the same job
In January 1963 a journalist auditioned to become playboy bunny in an undercover assignment and they expoesed the low pay, sexual harassment and racism

Answer 158

A

When WWII ended women were expected to give up their jobs in favour of men who were returning from the war.
Women’s magazines encouraged marriage and motherhood.
Younger women were often influenced by the ideas and ideals of the 1960s and did not want to live the lives their mothers had
Women could plan pregnancies around work as they had access to the pill. 1.2 million women used the pill within two years of its launch in 1960.
Abortion was illegal and in several states contraceptives of any kind were illegal.

Answer 159

A

Eleanor Roosevelt set up a commission to investigate the status of women at work
In 1966 National Organisation for Women was founded by Betty Friedan. It campaigned for a equal rights act amendment to the US constitution

Answer 160

A

There were no women in Kennedy’s cabinet for instance.
Women were discriminated against even in the SDS.
In the SDS there were 1/3 of women but they only held 6% of the seats

Answer 161

A

The book told women to reject a mere housewife role and she told women to have a career as well. The term ‘feminist Mystique’ meant that women were fulfilled through housework and marriage. She brought to attention the fact that many women weren’t satisfied with housework and were unhappy. She said that to make women happy they should have the right to work in the same way as men. The book brought many women together and was one of the catalysts for the second-wave feminist movement.

Answer 162

A

NOW raised awareness, inspired women to challenge inequality. Pushed for women’s equal partnership, rights in constitution. Pressured Congress for ERA ratification. Exec Order banned gender-segregated ads. Organized 1970 women’s strike for equality.

Answer 163

A

During WWII supported increased roles for women and blacks. She also advocated factory jobs be given to women.
1942 urged women to learn trades
Campaigned for gov-sponsored daycare
Became an international spokesperson for women and equal rights
Held press conferences for women only as First Lady

Answer 164

A

Persuaded Kennedy to establish an equal rights commission for women
Chaired Kennedy Presidential Commission on the Status of Women but died before it issued its report.
The report highlighted the issue of inequality in work and pay and led to the Equal Pay Act in June 1963. This made it illegal to pay people differently if they did the same job

Answer 165

A

Some felt the biological differences between men and women meant that women were naturally housewives and men were their protectors.
A book called Total Women that was released in 1973 said that women were about serving and worshipping their husbands (it was written by a woman). It had 4 As - Accept, Admire, Appreciate and Adapt. The author Marabel Morgon became a key figure in the anti-feminist campaign

Answer 166

A

The STOP ERA campaign was led by Phyllis Schlafly. She said that equality would harm women and hurt poorer women and mothers the most such as making them eligible for military service.
She said that women had special privilege and that ERA would take that away.
She managed to delay ERA until 1982 when it failed as only 35/38 states had ratified it and it ran out of time.

STOP - Stop Taking Our Privileges

Answer 167

A

Seen as more radical than NOW
Protests against sexism in the media included sit-ins at local media outlets and sabotaging newspaper offices.
They made progress such as by the late 1970s such as outlawing gender discrimination in education and college sports and also the legalization of abortion and birth control

Answer 168

A

They attracted much criticism as some said that they were anti-men and the mainstream media showed liberationists as man-haters or deranged outcasts. Such as the demonstration outside the 1968 Miss America pageant in Atlantic City, where activists protested the objectification of women.

Answer 169

A

Set up by Kennedy in 1961. Chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt and it affirmed that women had a right to paid employment and it called for a federal stand against sex discrimination.
32 states set up their own commission

Answer 170

A

Presidential Commission in 1963 recommended that women stay at home

Answer 171

A

In November 1968 NOW member Shirley Chisholm became the first black woman elected to the House of Representatives

Answer 172

A

Still a very small number of women in national politics
No presidential candidate until Hilary Clinton
JFK had no women in his cabinet

Answer 173

A

Included making it illegal to discriminate against women on the grounds of gender

Answer 174

A

Never properly enforced as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) didn’t take it very seriously

Answer 175

A

Proposed by NOW in 1967. Discussed from 1972 by Congress. It would guarantee sexual equality under the constitution

Answer 176

A

Not ratified it failed by 3 votes in 1982. Due to campaigns from people like Phyliss Schalfy. She said it might take their rights away such as the right to be supported by their husbands.

Answer 177

A

The Womens Liberation Movement; more active in challenging discrimination, and argued that all signs of male supremacy should be removed from society.
By the mid-70s the Womens Liberation Movement had been effective in changing the perception of women.
NOW was set up in 66 by Betty Friedan. It sought fair pay and equal opportunites in work.

Answer 178

A

The Women’s Liberation Movement and NOW may have led to more hostility as their actions were seen as extreme. Some said that they were anti-men and man-haters.
Marabel Morgan wrote a book called The Total Women in 1972 and it was about serving and worshipping husbands. It sold 500,000 copies.

Answer 179

A

Guaranteed women equal pay for equal work. Over the next 10 years, 171,000 people received a total of $84m in back pay under the act.

Answer 180

A

In 1970 44% of men earned over $25,000 pa and only 9% of women did.

Answer 181

A

EEOC agrees to hear female cases in 1968, e.g. airlines who forced out women over 32 and married women.

Answer 182

A

Employers often refused to hire women for the same jobs as men as the equal pay act didn’t require private businesses to consider men and women the same.
In 1970 44% of men earned over $25,000 pa and only 9% of women.

Answer 183

A

It banned all forms of gender discrimination including in books. Courses had to be rewritten to ensure that gender stereotypes didn’t occur in the curriculum.
It meant they girls could follow the same curriculum as boys. By 1970 40% of university students were female.

Answer 184

A

80% of teachers were women but only 10% were heads
7% of doctors and 3% of lawyers were women by the end of the 1960s

Answer 185

A

This made it illegal to refuse credit based on gender, meaning women could now borrow money in the same way as men, buy houses, cars and start businesses.

Answer 186

A

Women were admitted to West Point and Annapolis, the elite academies for army and naval officers.

Answer 187

A

Contraception was more available. It meant that women could have families when they choose to.
Abortion rights were won in 1972 in Roe v Wade. The reported number of legal abortions doubled 1972-80

Answer 188

A

Often women found it hard to get contraception unless they were married
There was a lot of opposition to abortion and many women joined anti-feminist organisations.
There were some limitations on abortion such as no abortion allowed after 6 months

Answer 189

A

Colleges were made to give equal opportunity to men and women.
In 1970 men studying medicine, business, law, engineering etc outnumbered women by 8 to 1. In 1975 it was only 3 to 1
More women were able to pursue careers previously not open to them and even entered politics

Answer 190

A

Gave women right to half of their husband’s property and it also made it easier for women to get a divorce. Also redefined spousal abuse not as a tradition but as a crime

Answer 191

A

Nixon felt that people were always against him. In Nov 1970 he ordered a list of the administration’s major opponents to be made and to have an intelligence programme on them. It included journalists and actors.
Nixon had a hatred of Harvard types and had a siege mentality in the White House - atmosphere of anything goes. He had to work with a Democrat-controlled congress - so he had to use other methods to keep power

Answer 192

A

The Pentagon papers revealed that the US government had lied about Vietnam. Due to this Nixon was determined to stop any other leaks getting to the press so he established plumbers. They were used to stop leaks but in the 72 elections, they were used for illegal activities to smear the opposition in the election. The plumbers got money from CREEP (Committee to Re-Elect the President). Creep got the money from campaign donations and it went to the plumbers for covert activities.
The aim was to get George McGovern the democrat candidate so that Nixion could win easier. So the other candidates were smeared. Such as spreading rumours that the other candidate’s wife had an abortion despite being Catholic

Answer 193

A

He had a born loser image from 1960-68. He had a slim majority and needed to win well. The Democrat candidate was weak and so Nixion would win easily. Nixon had just returned from China and the Vietnam War was about to end

Answer 194

A

The Washington Post kept it alive and tried to draw it to the attention of the public and managed to persuade the Democrats that something was seriously wrong. The Senate hearings were broadcast on TV and people saw their president lie on TV

Answer 195

A

The FBI found links to CREEP and that White House staff were involved in planning the burglary. They also found some activities that the plumbers were involved in.
The FBI carried on investigating for two years even though Nixon tried to use the CIA to shut the FBI investigation down.

Answer 196

A

This began in 1972 and at first, it didn’t look dangerous for Nixon. However, in the middle of the trial, James McCord wrote to the Judge and claimed that White House officials told the burglars to lie during their trial. Some say this in when the scandal started.

Answer 197

A

In 1973, perjury was discovered in the burglars’ trial. John Dean implicated Nixon in a cover-up, confirmed by White House staff testimonies. Nixon’s secret Oval Office recordings were exposed.

Answer 198

A

The handing over of the tapes was a battle between Nixon and the Senate Committee. It went on for over a year. The Supreme Court stepped in and said that Nixon had to hand them over. There were missing parts of the tapes and this made Nixon look more guilty. Nixon blamed his secretary but experts said that the missing parts were deliberately removed. There was a smoking gun tape that showed that Nixon tried to use the CIA to stop the FBI investigation to the break-in and had tried to cover the whole thing up

Answer 199

A

Ford accepted Nixon’s resignation to prevent impeachment and scandal. He pardoned Nixon to restore trust in the government, but it backfired as people wanted Nixon to face trial due to unanswered questions. Critics believed Nixon and Ford made a deal.

Answer 200

A

Nixon was forced to resign and his reputation was tarnished forever by Watergate. All his achievements were forgotten such as his successes in opening up relations with China and also detente with the USSR. He also enforced school desegregation
However, Nixon did get a job as an adviser to a later president
Over 30 people sent to prison
Huge turnover in staff as Republicans tried to get rid of people associated with the Nixon White House

Answer 201

A

The public was shocked at the way Nixon acted and spoke. There were examples of him attacking Jews and Italians on tapes verbally.
Nixon never admitted that he had done anything wrong and acted as though the president should be above the law. Created fears that the president had too much power.
Fewer people voted in elections
House and Senate Open Meeting Act 1973 meant that committee meetings had to be open to the public

Answer 202

A

The Washington Post was praised for its role as it had uncovered much of the scandal.
Political Parties were under much more scrutiny and more scandals were uncovered.

Answer 203

A

This was a more strict version of the Freedom of information act. It meant that any citizen had the right to see any government document and to sue the government if it was inaccurate or incomplete.

Answer 204

A

The 1974 mid-terms were disastrous for the Republicans. The Democrats increased their control of both houses, and they won the 76 election with Jimmy Carter. He had a reputation for honesty but his presidency ended in failure.
The republicans regrouped and more conservatives became president such as Reagan

Answer 205

A

This act placed legal limits on campaign contributions. This was due to Nixon using campaign funds to fund the plumbers. The Federal Election Committee was made to enforce the law and to ensure the disclosure of contributions.

Answer 206

A

This helped Congress regain power over the budget process from the president. The idea was that if the president didn’t over or underspend then they would behave more responsibly.
Congress could determine the level of Federal Tax raising and spending
Congress could place limits on presidents who refused to spend funds.

Answer 207

A

This required all senior government officials to disclose their finances and established the Office of government ethics to monitor the process. It set limits on the type of work government officials could do before they left the government so they could not take advantage of things they had learned whilst in government.

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USA 1945-74 Civil Rights Flashcards

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