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History IGCSE - 16 Markers > Middle East > Flashcards

Middle East Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did Balfour make the Balfour Declaration in 1917?

Balfour & War Effort

A

Sympathy for Zionists
Hoped to get US Zionists on board to persuade US to send more troops to help on western front

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2
Q

Why did Balfour make the Balfour Declaration in 1917?

Future plans

A
  1. Britain needed to hold land close to Suez Canal
  2. Jews in Palastine more likely to be friendly than Arabs
    Arabs did not support Balfour Declaration. They wanted independence after WW1
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3
Q

Why did Balfour make the Balfour Declaration in 1917?

Syke Picot Agreement 1916

A

Way to keep fragile peace after WW1
British & French protect oil supply & control of Suez
Syria, Lebanon to France
Palestine, Jordan & Persian Gulf to UK
Jerusalem governed international administration
No mention of Jews in agreement

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4
Q

Why so much Jewish immigration to Palestine during Mandate period?

Russian revolution & Red Scare of 1920s

A

Many Jews fled communism due to 1917 Russian Revolution but could not get to US because of quotas.
By 1929 only 150,000 per year

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5
Q

Why so much Jewish immigration to Palestine during Mandate period?

1917 Balfour Declaration

A

Britain in charge of Palestine.
Supported Jewish homeland in Palestine
Green light to Zionism
Led to Jews thinking they had the right to go to Palestine

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6
Q

Why so much Jewish immigration to Palestine during Mandate period?

Immigration Office/Zionism

A

Jewish Agency - David Ben Gurion
Helped attract settlers and buy land etc.
1922 - 11% of population of Mandate is Jewish
1936 - up to 28%
More opportunities for Jews than elsewhere

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7
Q

Why so much Jewish immigration to Palestine during Mandate period?

Hitler

A

1933 Nazi Party came to power
1933 boycott Jewish businesses
1938 Night of Broken Glass - shops and synagogues destroyed by SS
1933-1936 170,000 Jews moved to Palestine & Jewish population doubled

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8
Q

Why did Arabs protest against British Mandate

Upset nationalistic aspirations

A

Swapped one imperial power (Turkey) for another (UK)
Expected independence after war against Turks
Other Arab nations had independence , e.g. 1922 Egypt

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9
Q

Why did Arabs protest against British Mandate

Encouraged Jewish immigration

A

Jewish Agency encouraging Jewish immigration to Palestine
1936 28% population was Jewish
Jews keeping money & skills to themselves, not employing local Arabs on farms
Upset about formation of Haganah (Jewish defence force)

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10
Q

Events during Mandate to 1939

1921 clashes in Jaffa

A

Jaffa main port for Jewish immigration
May Day 1921 caused by rumors of a Jewish attack - 47 Jews & 48 Arabs killed
British responded by pausing immigration for a while

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11
Q

Events during Mandate to 1939

1929 clashes

A

250 Jews and Arabs killed at Holy Sites in Jerusalem
Jews formed Irgun - terrorist organisation because they thought British hadn’t provided them enough protection.
British considered stopping Jewish immigration but US protested

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12
Q

Events during Mandate to 1939

1936 General Strike

A
  • Mufti of Jerusalem calls for a general strike, leading Arabs to stop cooperating with British and Jews, and demanding an end to Jewish immigration and land sales.
  • Jewish economy benefits from the strike, as a new port opens in Tel Aviv.
  • British respond forcefully with 20,000 troops, imposing some limits on Jewish immigration. Leads to the Peel Commission Report is issued in 1937.
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13
Q

Events during Mandate to 1939

Peel Report 1937

A

6 months, 100 witnesses
Rejected by Arabs
Revolt continued
No common ground between Arabs & Jews
To create a buffer zone under British control.
2 states - Arabs in south & Jews in North

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14
Q

Events during Mandate to 1939

Arab Revolt 1936-9

A

Arabs in guerilla warfare against British & Jewish settlers
Over 10% of adult Arab pop killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled
Jewish Haganah helped British defeat revolt
V aggressive British response. E.g. tying Arabs to bus that was forced over land mines
Exiled all Arab leaders from Palestine
Led to MacDonald report 1939

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15
Q

Events during Mandate to 1939

MacDonald Report 1939

A

It was in response to the Arab Revolt and a fear of a Arab-German alliance just before WWII.
The report recommend a state where Arabs and Jews were Equal. They’d have a shared government and be independent after 10 years. Also no Jewish immigration after 1944.
Jews rejected it due to the no immigration stance of the plan and so they rebelled against the British

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16
Q

Impact of Holocaust. Why Jewish insurgency against British after WW2

British Government continue restrictions on immigration

A

Restricted Jewish immigration 1500 per month after 1945 not to provoke Arabs
Blockade stop ships landing. 1947 SS Exodus containing Holocaust survivors turned back

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17
Q

Impact of Holocaust. Causes of Jewish insurgency against British after WW2

Jews in Palestine reacting to Holocaust

A
  • Lehi and Irgun urged the British to remove troops from Palestine to allow for immigration.
  • The 1947 Exodus incident involved 4,500 Holocaust survivors being forced to sail back to Europe, sparking global outrage as the passengers went on a hunger strike.
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18
Q

Impact of Holocaust. Causes of Jewish insurgency against the British after WW2

American Jews/Gov encourage immigration

A

Zionists held rallies and lobbied support for more immigration to Palestine - $46m donated
Truman allowed 150,000 Jews into US
US applied economic pressure that UK could not handle as they were broke after WW2 so that they would allow more Jewish immigration into the Mandate

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19
Q

Why did Britain decide to end Mandate by 1948?

Immigration

A

Problems continued
Refugee camps in Cyprus after WW2. 10,000 went there
1946 Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry said limits should be lifted. British Gov did not implement report. 1947 Exodus example

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20
Q

Why did Britain decide to end Mandate by 1948?

Violence

A

During and after WW2 Jews wanted Britian out so they could control immigration
Radical groups Irgun & Stern Gang formed
King David Hotel bombed 1946
British troups murdered 1947 - Sergeants Affair

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21
Q

Why did Britain decide to end Mandate by 1948?

Money

A

By 1946 100,000 more British troops in Palestine
Britain in debt & Gov had plans for NHS & Welfare state
Borrowed from US so had to listen to their views on immigration

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22
Q

Why did Britain decide to end Mandate by 1948?

New Labour Gov

A

After WW2 Labour Gov
Unsympathetic towards Zionism but did believe in national self-determinism & anti-empire
Keen to give up on Mandate
India, Ceylon & Burma given independence

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23
Q

UN Partition Plan 1947

A

British mandate to end
Palestine divided into Jewish & Arab states. Jerusalem & Bethlehem international cities.
2 new states have economic unity, shared currency, roads etc
UN resolution 181 - mandate to end and Partition Plan to be put into action by August 1948

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24
Q

Why objections to Partition Plan?

Arabs rejected it

A
  • Arabs outnumbered Jews 65% non-Jewish, 35% Jewish
  • They were given poorer parts of land and Jews were given more fertile - fertile coasts to Jews.
  • Jaffa (main Arab port) cut off from the rest of the Arab territory
  • Worried about being ruled by largely Jewish Gov
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25
Q

Why objections to Partition Plan?

Jews objected too

A

Jerusalem would not be part of their country
Concerned 400,000 Arabs would live in new Jewish state and own 80% of land
Some land in south would be worthless desert
Some accepted plan because of international recognition

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26
Q

Whey did 1948-9 War break out?

Jewish reaction to Partition Plan

A

Jews determined to strengthen their position
April 1948 Haganah launched Plan Dalet. Resulted in ethnic cleansing. - Caused around 300,000 Arabs to leave Palestine

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27
Q

Whey did 1948-9 War break out?

Growth of Arab Nationalism

A

Arab League formed 1945.
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria
Felt Plan unfair
Appalled at violence
Feared what would happen if Britain left
15 May 1948 5 Arab armies (30,000 soldiers) from Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria & Iraq invaded Israel

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28
Q

Why did Israel win in 1948-9?

Numbers

A

Jews interpret as David v Goliath victory
Not that simple
Israel 35,000 troops, 5 field guns. 1in 3 troops had weapons
Arab forces grew slowly but did not commit entire armies to war effort
End of war Jews had 108,000 troops
Israel helped by foreign volunteers. 2/3 Israeli airforce were US and UK pilots

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29
Q

Why did Israel win in 1948-9?

Weapons

A

11 June 1948 truce meant Israeli forces received arms from Czechs (ignoring the UN embargo) such as around 70 planes in total of Czechoslovakia
Arab forces fewer weapons. Not able to buy more due to UN embargo

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30
Q

Why did Israel win in 1948-9?

Experience & training

A

Haganah were well trained and used to fighting
Arabs had poorer preparation. Best leader (Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni) killed just before war by Jewish patrol and others lost in 1930s Arab revolt
Arab armies were divided and inexperienced
Jordan had best army but only wanted West Bank. Once they got this they stopped fighting

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31
Q

Why did Israel win in 1948-9?

Tactics

A

2 truces crucial to Israel. They kept fighting before ceasefire had ended, taking Palestinians by surprise
Attacks were coordinated
No united Arab commander. King Abdullah of Jordan had overall control but often ignored
Their orders to occupy Arab lands and not to attack lands given to Israel.

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32
Q

Why did Israel win in 1948-9?

Geography

A

Israelis on home turf
Arab league fighting a long way from home

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33
Q

Why did Israel win in 1948-9?

Aims

A

Jews fighting for a homeland and preparing since April 1948
Arab League not interested in protecting Palestine
Before 1948 elites of Palestine started leaving wich led to fewer left to lead forces, further demoralising the Palestinians that were left

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34
Q

Impact on Palestinians

Refugees & Arab Flight

A

1947 900,000 Arabs lived in region to become Israel
300,000 fled before war started
400,000 fled during the war
1949-52 40 Arab villages depopulated
After the war most Palestinians (700,000) were in 54 refugee camps surrounding border areas of Israel
190,000 lived in Gaza Strip occupied by Egypt
7000 in Egypt
280,000 in West Bank
100,000 in Lebanon
70,000 in Jordan
75,000 in Syria
4,000 in Iraq
100,000 middle class Palestinians settled in Kuwait & US (not refugees)

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35
Q

Impact on Palestinians after First Israeli War

UNWRA

A

UN Relief & Works Agency established Dec 1949
Provide food & basic services in refugee camps

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36
Q

Impact on Palestinians after First Israeli War

Attempts to recover property in Israel

A

160,000 attempts in 1953 mostly from Jordan to collect possessions or harvst crops

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37
Q

Impact on Palestinians after First Israeli War

Fedayeen (those who sacrifice themselves)

A

Refugee camps becoame training grounds for Fedayeen.
Trained by Egyptian intelligence.
Mainly operated from Jordan bases
Played a major role in 1970s & 1980s
Began attacking Israeli targets immediately. Reprisals followed (Qibya 1953 69 villagers killed)

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38
Q

Impact on Palestinians after First Israeli War

Living in Israel & Absentee Property Law 1950

A

By 1949 only 160,000 Palestinians remained in Israel
Strict system on control until 1966
Anyone with military tendencies imprisoned or expelled
Palestinians ‘non-Jews’. Jobs advertised for former soldiers. Only Jews do military services and without this could not get loans, mortgages etc
Absente Property Law - allow sale or rental of property belonging to refugees.Money went to Jewish National Fund

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39
Q

What happens to Refugees in camps?

Jordan (West Bank)

Over 50% of refugees

A

1950 Transjordan annexed West Bank and created Kingdom of Jordan
Refugees could leave camps and get Jordanian citizenship.
Only Arab country to do this
Did not trust them so not allowed to be politically active or get top political jobs

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40
Q

What happens to Refugees in camps?

Egypt (Gaza Strip)

25% of refugees

A

Tight controls.
Not allowed to enter Egypt
Political activity curbed

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41
Q

What happens to Refugees in camps?

Lebanon

A

Worried refugees would upset balance in country
Quite repressive
Confined to camps, banned from 40 different types of job
Children denied access to Lebanese schools

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42
Q

What happens to Refugees in camps?

Syria

A

Very few refugees
Treated better
Access to schools, skilled jobs and to set up businesses

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43
Q

Why refugee crisis from 1948?

Response to violence

A

From Partition Plan 1947 -Feb 1948 100,000 wealthy Palestinians fled.
Deprived country of leadership and demoralised those left behind
Deir Yassin Massacre in April 1948 killed 100. Caused many others to flee
Plan Dalet - 300,000 Palestinians fled after 200 villages attacked
Kfar massacre in Oct 1956 led to curfew and more to flee

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44
Q

Why refugee crisis from 1948?

Hard for Palestinians to live in Israel after 1949

A

Palestinians ‘non-Jews’
Jobs for former soldiers
No military service no loans, mortgages etc
Absentee Property Law - allowed sale and rental of property belonging to refugees. Money from sale went to Jewish National Fund

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45
Q

Results of first Israeli war for Israel

More land

A
  • Israel gained more land than allotted
  • 78% rather than 56% allocated in UN Partition Plan
  • Only land not under Israeli control is Gaza Strip & West Bank
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46
Q

Results of first Israeli war for Israel

Growth of Israeli army

A
  • 6000 Jews killed in war
  • IDF formed in war - professional soldiers and all non-arab 18 year old men must serve 30 months (women 18 months). Only exceptions are Orthodox Jews
  • Whole Jerish population involved in defence of country
  • Military spending 23% of budget in 1952, 35% in 1953
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47
Q

Results of first Israeli war for Israel

Links with USA

A
  • Film Exodus 1960 generated sympathy and financial donations
  • Rothschilds financed building of Jewish Parliament
  • Israel came to depend on contribuitons from US population and government
  • US withheld aid and arms when Israel attacked Arabs, eg. 1953 attack on Qibya
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48
Q

Results of first Israeli war for Israel

Relations with Egypt & Arab World

A

Arab League boycotted all trade with Israel and any foreign country that traded with Israel
Equpt searched ships using Suez Canal & confiscated items purchased from Israeli port or bound for IDF
1951 Egypt made it hard for ships heading up Straits of Tiran.
Did not stop Fedayeen raids from Gaza into Israel

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49
Q

Why more Jewish immigration after 1949?

Israeli encouragement

A

Israel had 78% of land (rather than 56% allocated in UN Partition Plan)
Jewish Agency set up camps for new settlers
1950 Law of Return/Absentee Property Law gave every Jew right to return to Israel

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50
Q

Why more Jewish immigration after 1949?

Fear of persecution elsewhere

A

Creation of Israel led to more persection of Jews elsewhere
136,000 came from Europe (refugee camps)
270,000 Eastern Europe
1949-50 Britain & US airlifted 47,000 Jews from Yemen after anti-Semitic riots (Operation Magic Carpet)
1950-51 Iraq expelled all Jews

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51
Q

Suez Crisis 1956. Why King Farouk replaced in 1956?

Reputation & Lifestyle

A
  • Playboy and a lavish lifestyle
  • Egypt in dire poverty. Government was incompetent
  • Did nothing to remove British from Egypt. Still 80,000 British troops guarding Suez Canal but independent since 1936
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52
Q

Suez Crisis 1956. Why King Farouk replaced in 1956?

Defeat in 1948/9 War - the Trigger Cause

A
  • King Farouk blamed for loss of war in 1948
  • Troops not prepared, faulty weapons
  • New leader Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser, made army stronger. Bought arms from Czechs - 300 tanks & 200 fighter planes
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53
Q

Causes of Nasser Nationilsing the Suez Canal

Improve lives of people of Egypt

A

Nasser wanted to redistribute the wealth by giving land to peasants and to build schools and hospitals
Dam the River Nile at Aswan to control flooding and provide hydroelectric power
Had finance deal with US and Britain but when bought weapons from Eastern Europe they pulled out
Tolls from Suez Canal very profitable but going to British
So to nationalise the Canal would mean Egypt could claim the tolls

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54
Q

Causes of Nasser Nationilsing the Suez Canal

Because of nationalism

A

Nasser wanted to be leading voice in Arab League.
Suez Canal partly owned by foreign shareholders
1948-9 war humiliated Egypt and other Arab nations. Wanted to overturn this

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55
Q

Causes of the Suez Crisis in 1956

Nasser behaved provocatively and international community concerned

Long term

A
  • Had removed King Farouk in 1952
  • Had asked British to leave Suez Canal in 1954
  • Supported Algerian nationalists fighting the French
  • Allowed border attacks by Fedayeen
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56
Q

Causes of the Suez Crisis in 1956

Nationalisation of Suez Canal

Short Term

A
  • Nasser nationlised Suez Canal to collect tolls to rebuild economy and build Aswan Dam
  • Was legal but caused protest
  • Israel, France & Brtitain decided to bring him down
  • Blow to British prestige and would lose toll money from the Canal
  • They met at Sevres in Oct 1956.
  • PM Eden thought Nasser was a dictator. At Sevres they decided to provoke a crisis by attacking Egypt both from air and through Sinai desert - the Sevres Protocol
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57
Q

Causes of Britain, France & Israel withdrawing from Suez

Pressure from UN

A
  • France & Britain ignored UN charter
  • US put resolution to Security Council of UN calling for Israel to withdraw forces on 2 Nov
  • Britian and France vetoed it and put pressure on Israel to continue
  • Emergency resolution proposed to stop conflict. Passed 64: 5
  • Embarrassing defeat
  • Brtish and French troops evacuated
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58
Q

Causes of Britain, France & Israel withdrawing from Suez

Pressure from Superpowers

A
  • US did not want to be seen as approving attack on independent country by countries with large empires
  • Feared it would look like old style imperialist invasion and USSR would exploit the situation
  • Britain dependent on Middle East oil that had been cut off by Suez blockade.
  • Only other source of oil from US. Eisenhower said would provide oil if Britain withdrew
  • US put economic pressure on Britain and pound fell.
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59
Q

Impacts of the Suez Crisis

Casualties

A

Britain - 16
France - 10
Israel - 170
Egypt - 2,000

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60
Q

Impacts of the Suez Crisis

Superpower Involvement

A
  • 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine - US aid to any country in Middle East threatened by communism
  • USSR increased involvement in Egypt and sent military advisers
  • By 1970 20,000 troops & military aid worth $12billion sent to Egypt and other Arab countries by USSR
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61
Q

Impacts of the Suez Crisis

Britain & France

A
  • Massive blow to Britain & France
  • All assets seized, property attacked and destroyed
  • US relations with Britain and France suffered
  • Both governments fell within 12 months
  • Accused by Arab world of using ‘gunboat diplomacy’
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62
Q

Impacts of the Suez Crisis

Nasser & Egypt

A
  • Massive boost to Nasser
  • In 1958 invited by Syria to merge countries (United Arab Republic) with Nasser as first president. Collapsed in 1961 but shows a measure of Nasser’s success
  • Had complete control of Suez Canal
  • USSR paid for Dam and helped rebuild army
  • Nasser determined to seek revenge for military defeat. War began again in 1967
  • Jews in Egypt had hard time - businesses seized, banned from working as doctors, teachers and lawyers. Many fled to Israel
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63
Q

Impacts of the Suez Crisis

Israel

A
  • Had right to navigate the Straits of Tiran and import oil through Eilat thanks to peacekeepers. However, Canal was blocked
  • Fedayeen bases in Sinai were destroyed & border raids stopped
  • IDF showed it could beat Arab state
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64
Q

Causes of the Establishment of Palestinian Organisations after 1959

Train and focus Fedayeen

A

Suez attack made Palestinians vulnerable. Movement arose to train Fedayeen for terrorist activity beyond Israel, starting with El Fatah in 1959. They attacked Israelis from Gaza until 1965 when Syria allowed them to open training camps.

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65
Q

Causes of the Establishment of Palestinian Organisations after 1959

Give Palestinians a sense of having proper representation

A
  • 1964 PLO founded to give Palestinians a government in exile
  • To represent them in Arab League
  • Had destruction of Israel as part of its charter
  • Main aim to give Palestinians a homeland
  • Leader was Arafat
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66
Q

Causes of Six Day War of 1967

Impact of border raids on Israel

A
  • PLO set up Palestinian Liberation Army so Palestinians could join army of their own
  • Only had 12,000 soldiers
  • Arab Headwater Diversion Plan 1965 - canal in Syria to divert water from Israel.
  • Israel retailiated with air strikes
  • Samu raid of 1966 - Israel attacked Jordanian troops
  • Israeli PM Eshkol criticised, he became more cautious
  • More border attacks and Headwater Plan radicalised the government.
  • Moshe Dayan appointed Defence Minister - sign Israel intended pre-emptive strike
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67
Q

Causes of Six Day War of 1967

Egyptian Nationalism

A
  • By 1960s Nasser looked weak.
  • 1961 United Arab Republic fell apart
  • 1962 Egypt involved civil war with Yemen that went badly wrong
  • 1964 Cairo Conference Nasser tried to re-assert leadership over Arab nations
  • Headwater Diversion Plan - Syria & Lebanon divert 2 of 3 sources of Jordan River to prevent flowing into Sea of Galilee. Aim to stop Israel channelling fresh water to new settlements in Negev Desert
  • If plan failed Arab states prepare for war
  • Mid 1960s Arab leaders critical of Nasser
  • May 1967 Nasser orders UN troops to leave. Closes Gulf of Aqaba and blockades Eilat
  • May have prompted Israel to think Egypt will attack
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68
Q

Causes of Six Day War of 1967

Syria

A
  • Feb 1966 new Gov seized power that threatened Egypt leadership
  • Allowed guerilla attacks on Israel - provided funds, weapons etc
  • April 1967 clashes with Israeli airforces. 6 Syrian jets shot down
  • By May 1967 thought Israel might respond
  • Nasser warned by USSR that Israeli attack on Syria imminent but no evidence this was true.
  • Nasser signs defence pact with Syria
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69
Q

Causes of Six Day War of 1967

Role of USSR

A
  • Got involved to challenge US inflence over Israel
  • Deployed more ships in area
  • Gave Egypt right to use naval and air bases
  • May 1967 warned Syria that Israel planning attack. This was not true
  • May have enouraged Egypts’s more military actions
  • May have prompted Israel to become more war-like
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70
Q

Causes of Six Day War of 1967

US position

A
  • Israel depended on the US
  • Nasser may have believed relationship between Israel and US had broken down - UN & US criticised Samu raid into Jordan by IDF
  • However US strongly believed Cold War being fought in Middle East
  • Abba Eban to Washington 1967. Dean Rusk (Secretary of State) said US not restrict anybody’s actions - tactic approval for Israel to strike if they wished
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71
Q

Causes of Iraseli Victory in 6 Day War

Equipment

A

Israel - best equipped troops, advanced air power & advanced US electronic equipment to intercept Arab comms. 46 aircraft destroyed

Arab - greater losses, 100s tanks and 452+ aircraft

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72
Q

Causes of Iraseli Victory in 6 Day War

Armed Forces

A

Israel - after 1956 army overhauled. 300,000 into field. Compared with 180,000 from Egypt, Syria & Jordan
Suffered fewer losses .900 dead + 4,500 captured or wounded

Arab. Egypt 15,000 dead. Jordan - 6,000 dead Syria 2,500 dead . 5,500 captured or wounded

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73
Q

Causes of Iraseli Victory in 6 Day War

Tactics

A

Israel - Had detailed intelligence on Egyptian airforce. Led to successful pre-emptive strike. Israel lost 26 aircraft v Egypt 400

Arab - failed to coordinate attacks properly. Lack of unity dhown by Jordan signing separate truce on 6 June

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74
Q

Results of Six Day War for Arabs & West

Egyptian Economy

A
  • Egypt refused to let Israel use the Canal so Israel refused to let Egypt clear the ships. Canal unusable.
  • Israel attacked bridges, electricity plants, oil refineries, cities etc.
  • All combined to hurt the economy
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75
Q

Results of Six Day War for Arabs & West

War of Attrition
(confict between Israel & Egypt)

A
  • USSR rearmed Nasser
  • Within 1 year Egypt bombarding and raiding Israel positions on Sinai side of canal
  • Israel built Bar Lev Line - 150km long wall. Cost $300m
76
Q

Results of Six Day War for Arabs & West

Superpower involvement

A

USSR re-armed Egypt. Sent fighter plans and SAMS plus 20,000 troops to build 80 missile bases

US supported Israel wth weapons & aid. Helped organise ceasefire in 1970

77
Q

Results of Six Day War for Arabs & West

UN Resolution 242 & Arab Response (Khartoum)

A

UN Resolution 242 Nov 1967 - Land for Peace

Israel should withdraw from conquered territories
Arab States must recognise right of Israel to exist
A just settlement for refugee problem

Palestinians rejected it. Egypt and Jordan agreed but this changed in Aug 1967 when Arab leaders met in Khartoum. They responded with 3 notes

No peace with Israel
No recognition of Israel
No negotiations with Israel

78
Q

Why did Palestinians adopt terrorist tactics after 1967?

Camps

A

1967 War made Palestinian even worse
350,000 refugees left West Bank & Gaza Strip
300,000 fled to Jordan where new camps had to be set up.
Such as Baqa’a - 26,000 people in 5,000 tents.
No running water or sewerage and not allowed to move out

79
Q

Why did Palestinians adopt terrorist tactics after 1967?

Lack of Arab support

A

1967 turning point for PLO
Syria, Egypt & Jordan weakened by war but were main source of funding for PLO
New Syrian government allowed them to set up training camps
Although Egypt & Jordan favoured creation of Palestinian state, they would not grant sovereignty to Palestinian people

80
Q

Why did Palestinians adopt terrorist tactics after 1967?

Split among Palestinians

A

In 1969 Arafat took over Fatah & PLO
Organised guerilla raids into Israel
Other groups formed - Black September - attack on Israeli athletes at Munich Olympics

81
Q

Why did Palestinians adopt terrorist tactics after 1967?

Lack of US/UN support

A

US not interested in helping Palestinians until after end of Cold War
Israel - anti-Communist so need to keep them happy
Palestinians adopt terrorism because no one listens but no one will listen properly until they drop terrorism
UN referred to them as ‘refugee problem’ - found insulting

82
Q

What was the impact of Six Day War for Israel?

East Jerusalem

A

Israel- Wailing Wall & Temple Mount holiest sites for Jews
Arabs - Dome of the Rock & Al Aqsa Mosque holy sites for Muslims
After 1967 some Arabic houses in front of Wailing War demolished to make way for Jewish prayer area. 650 inhabitants paid some compensation and evicted. Happened in other Arab neighbourhoods

83
Q

What was the impact of Six Day War for Israel?

West Bank

A

Israel - Buffer zone between itself & Jordan. Fertile land. Part of Promised Land

Arabs - home to 600,000 Palestinians. Jordan annexed West Bank and believed it belong to them

In Jordan Valley 100,000 Palestinians driven from homes and 27 Jewish settlements established. Palestinians given right to govern themselves and allowed to work in Israel if had permits but under military control

84
Q

What was the impact of Six Day War for Israel?

Gaza

A

Israel - can clamp down on Fedayeen raids from refugee camps here

Arabs - home to 350,000 people , mostly Palestinians. Egypt occupied Gaza since 1948 but allowed some Palestinian self governing

Palestinians had right to govern themselves and work in Israel with permits. Living under military control with road blacks, check points etc. Anyone a threat arrested, homes demolished and deported

85
Q

What was the impact of Six Day War for Israel?

Sinai

A

Israel - buffer zone between itself & Egypt. Trade through Straits of Tiran safe and Sinai’s oil is useful

Arabs - Sinai belongs to Egypt, only oil supply. Suez Canal blocked by sunken ships during fighting and Israel refused to moved them. Hurt Egypt’s finances

Israel built Bar Lev Line along their side of Suez. 150km long, wall of sand and concreted. Cost $300m

86
Q

What was the impact of Six Day War for Israel?

Golan Heights

A

Israel - Syria no longer able to fire on Israeli farms in Galilee. Fertile land here valuable

Arabs - Israel can fire on Syrian towns, including Damascus
Golan Hieghts home to 100,000 Syrians. Fertile land valuable

Defences built up here to prevent attack from Syria. Deep bunkers dug
100,000 Syrians who fled in war were not allowed to return. Israeli farming settlements set up on fertile soil.

Ski resort opened on Mt Hebron

87
Q

Causes of the Yom Kippur War 1973

Financial probs in Egypt

A
  • Sadat wanted peace so Egypt could rebuild
  • War of Attrition had destroyed homes and the army was too large and expensive
  • Sadat wanted Israel out of Sinai so he could reopen Suez Canal
  • Losing tolls and taxes from shipping
  • Feb 1971 Sadat made speech. Ready to make peace with Israel in return for withdrawal from Sinai
88
Q

Causes of the Yom Kippur War 1973

Refusal of Israel to negotiate with Egypts

A
  • Israel do no deals
  • Did not trust Sadat
  • Moshe Dayan (Defence Minister) felt Israel stronger if held onto land and regarded the Suez Canal as part of permanent border of Israel
89
Q

Causes of the Yom Kippur War 1973

US rejection of Egypt

A

Sadat disillusioned with alliance with USSR
Nasser had SAMs close to Canal. Provoked Israel further
July 1972 Sadat expelled Soviet advisers and took over the Soviet millitary equipment
Tried to negotiate with US
Failed because US didn’t want to go against Israel
Nixon Doctrine

90
Q

Causes of the Yom Kippur War 1973

Support of Syria and wider Arab World

A

In 1971, Syria, Egypt, and Libya formed an alliance. In 1973, Egypt and Syria joined forces and had joint command of their armies. Saudi Arabia restricted oil production to pressure other countries. Syria and Egypt improved relations with Jordan, and Syria received support from the USSR in case of war.

91
Q

Causes of the Yom Kippur War 1973

Israeli complacency

A

Israel continued fortifying Sinai - Bar Lev Line ($300 million), deep bunkers surrounded by minefields
Defences also built up in Golan Heights
Behind these defences, the Israelis felt safe and thought an attack was unlikely

92
Q

Causes of the Yom Kippur War 1973

Israeli behaviour in settlements

A

Israelis building settlements in land taken after 1967 war
Demolished Palestinian schools, had curfews, imprisioned anyone suspected of being anti-Israeli without trial
Military bases built in Sinai and Golan Heights
Secret expulsion of 1,500 Bedouin families from Sinai seen as affront to Egypt

93
Q

Why did Egypt & Syria do so well initally?

Tactics

Yom Kippur War

A

Surprise. Plan was to invade on Yom Kippur (Jewish holiday). Everything closed and most people at synagogue. Soldiers on leave. Took 72 hours for Israel to fully mobilise
V swift attack with infantry following artillery attacks

94
Q

Why did Egypt & Syria do so well initally?

Size of forces & equipment

Yom Kippur War

A
  • Arab forces received aid from USSR. Better trained troops.
  • On Golan Heights Israelis only had 400 troops. Syria attacked with 60,000
  • Eqyptian army had SAMs. Based on west side of Suez, acting as shield for Egyptian land forces.
  • Israelis had fewer tanks - 157 v 1,100 Syrian tanks
  • In first few days Israelis lost 50 aircraft and 100s of tanks
95
Q

Why did Egypt & Syria do so well initally?

Assistance from other Arab states

Yom Kippur War

A

Iraq transferred squadron of jet fighter planes to Egypt a few months before war began.
Saudi & Kuwait financed war from Arab side - 3,000 Saudis fought in war
Libya provided French-built Mirage fighters and 1971-3

96
Q

Why was Israel able to counter-attack so effectively?

Egyptian mistakes

Yom Kippur War

A

Originally Egypt aimed to occupy 15 miles of Sinai and force Israel to negotiate.
However, against advice of generals, Sadat ordered troops to invade further. Made them vulnerable to air strikes

97
Q

Why was Israel able to counter-attack so effectively?

Syrian mistakes

Yom Kippur War

A

Syrian front collapsed quickly. In 4 days Israel was into Syria.
Assad appealed to Egypt to step up attack on Sinai to relieve pressure on Syria. This meant Israel could concentrate on Egyptian front

98
Q

Why was Israel able to counter-attack so effectively?

US help & equipment

Yom Kippur War

A

US airlifted arms to help Israel
55,000 tonnes/$2bn
Israel exploited a gap in middle of Egyptian troops in Sinai
Israeli tanks superior to Syrians in Golan Heights. Israelis now close to Damascus

99
Q

Why ceasefire in 1973?

USSR & USA

Yom Kippur War

A

USSR proposed military intervention. USA rejected this. Looked like the two might fight each other. USA on high alert
Decided they would both support a UN ceasefire
USA began to see the need for peace
Harmed relations with USSR and brought up oil issue

100
Q

Why ceasefire in 1973?

Arab states

Yom Kippur War

A

Other Arab states put pressure on US to stop Israel.
OPEC announced 5% reduction in oil every month until Israel withdrew from occupied territories
Europe depended on Middle East for 85% of oil
News of US airlift to Israel led to Saudi cutting off oil supplies to US and other nations that had helped - Denmark & Netherlands
Prices rose $2 a barrel to $12. Lasted until March 1974

100
Q

Results of Yom Kippur War for Israel

Manpower & Equipment

A

Israel - 2,600 dead, 6,000 wounded, lost 250 tanks FAILURE

101
Q

Results of Yom Kippur War for Israel

Territory

A

1973 Israel made some gains in Golan Heights, west bank of Suez Canal and into Syria. Also occupied a part of Egypt. SUCCESS

Israel lost territory on east side of Suez Canal to Egypt. FAILURE

102
Q

Results of Yom Kippur War for Israel

Confidence

A

Loss of confidence
Losses convinced Israeli politicans would have to be peace negotiations in future.
Right wing criticised government handling
Golda Meir (PM) resigned April 1974, blamed for Israel’s lack of readiness.
Rabin took over
FAILURE

103
Q

Results of Yom Kippur War for Egypt & Arab States

Manpower losses

A

FAILURE
Egypt & Syria - 13,000 dead and 1,850 tanks lost

104
Q

Results of Yom Kippur War for Egypt & Arab States

Territory

A

FAILURE
Suez Canal still unusable. Golan Heights in Israeli control

105
Q

Results of Yom Kippur War for Egypt & Arab States

Confidence

A

SUCCESS
Over-running Bar Lev Line a massive achievement
Egypt & Arab States only lost because Israel had US support
Arab pride in military power restored
Syria gained some respect for briefly overcoming Israeli forces and coordination of attack with Egypt
Sadat hero in Arab world and made US reconsider its policies towards Arab states

106
Q

Results of Yom Kippur War for Egypt & Arab States

Palestinians

A

FAILURE
No gains. World lost focus on them

107
Q

Impact on Terrorism

Early Period 1940s-1948

A

Jews attacking Britain to force them out of country
Examples:
Assassination of Lord Moyne 1944
King David Hotel 1946
Mostly official targets
IMPACT
Partly influences Britain to leave in 1947 but other reasons too, such as financial pressures

108
Q

Impact on Terrorism

1948-early 1970s

A

Palestinians attacking Israel. First from bases in Egypt, then in Syria after Suez Crisis.
Targets are military but could attack civilians too
Examples:
Fedayeen border raids. After 1959 Fatah involved and more organised
Young Palestinians trained and attacked Israeli targets
1966 Samu raid - Israeli patrol drove over landmine near Israeli-Jordan border. Fatah suspected
IMPACT
Part of reason for Suez Crisis. Israelis wanted to take over Sinai and clear out Fedayeen bases
In 1967 the attacks were an irritant (mostly coming from Syria now) but not the main cause of the war

109
Q

Impact on Terrorism

1970s-1980s

A

More likely to be civilian (passengers on aircraft, ships, athletes etc)
Examples
New groups formed PFLP, Black September.
Dawson airfield hijacking
Became a lot more violent
Munich Olympics
Raid on Entebbe Airport 1974
Achille Lauro incident 1985 - took over a ship and killed Israeli passenger
IMPACT
Probably did not have an impact on the peace process. Munich was condemned internationally and led to more sympathy for Israel.
Israel entered peace process because of US pressure.
Arafat accused of being terrorist

110
Q

Why US engaged in peace process after 1973?

Economics - oil & Canal

A

War made oil crucial in global politics. Embargo on US and reduced shipments to the West led to rising oil prices. West faced a severe recession. Closure of the canal caused significant financial losses in shipping and exports. Closure cost $8bn in shipping costs

111
Q

Why US engaged in peace process after 1973?

Potential confrontation with USSR

A

Almost led to confrontation between US & USSR. Another war had to be avoided
Perhaps Egypt & Syria could be encouraged away from USSR’s side in Cold War
Sadat desperate to open Suez and couldn’t do so with hostile Israeli troops stopping the canal being cleared
Egyptian economy suffering. Tolls worth $220m

112
Q

Impact of 1974/5 deals

1974 Israel-Egypt Disengagement Treaty

A

Sinai I Accord
Kissinger brokered deal
Jan 1974 Israel agreed to withdraw from western Sinai Peninsula. DMZ set up with UN peacekeeping force.
Work could begin to reopen Suez
Further disengagement 1975
POW exchange

113
Q

Impact of 1974/5 deals

1974 Syrian-Israeli Disengagement Treaty

A

May 1974 Syria & Israel agreed to withdraw from part of Golan Heights
Syria gained back areas occupied by Israel in 1973
UN peacekeeping force to patrol DMZ
POW exchange

114
Q

Opening of Canel 1975

Probs left over?

A

1975 Canal opened 8 years after war closed it.
10,000 shells removed
PROBLEMS
No deal made on refugees
Israel continued to occupy West Bank, Gaza, much of Sinai & Golan Heights
No deal made with Palestinians. In 1974 Yasser Arafat made sole representative of Palestinians and in Nov 1974 asked by UN to explain their demands

115
Q

Causes of Camp David 1978

Precedent of previous agreements

A

UN resolution passed 22 Oct 1973
All parties to implement Resolution 242
Resolution 242 - Israel withdraw from all conquered territories and all involved should renounce war and recognise right of countries to live in peace)
1974 Israel - Egypt Disengagement Treaty
There had been some movement over the occupied territory and some withdrawal from Sinai

116
Q

Causes of Camp David 1978

Israeli motives

A

In 1977, Menachem Begin became Israel’s leader after 30 years in opposition. He aimed to build more settlements in occupied territories and strike a deal with Egypt to retain the West Bank. Begin sought a peace agreement with Egypt so the IDF to concentrate on the PLO threat. A peace rally in April 1978 indicated some support for peace. Israel faced ongoing war threats from Egypt and Syria.

117
Q

Causes of Camp David 1978

Superpowers

A

Both Superpowers accepted needed a solution
After 1973 oil was a weapon in the war against Israel
1977 President Carter ended shuttle diplomacy. Sent Cyrus Vance with proposal:
Phased withdrawal by Israel from occupied territories. In return PLO have to accept Israel’s right to existence and respect sovereignty

118
Q

Causes of Camp David 1978

Egyptian leadership

A

Sadat moved away from USSR towards US.
He got economic aid and military support from US
Frequent wars, arming border was expensive. Food riots in 1977
In 1977 Sadat made speech to parliament outlining key points for peace

119
Q

Key features of Camp David Accords

Framework for Egyptian-Israeli peace

A

Israel return Sinai to Egypt within 3 years and close settlements to Jews there
Egypt make peace with Israel
Israeli ships allowed in Suez and Straits of Tiran
Egypt receive $1bn a year for 10 yrs from US
Israel receive $3bn loan from US to help pay to dismantle bases in Sinai

120
Q

Key features of Camp David Accords 1978

Framework for peace in Middle East

A

Israel accept legitimate rights of Palestine
After 5 years Palestinians would have self-rule in West Bank & Gaza
Israeli troops gradually withdraw from these areas

121
Q

What was the impact of Camp David 1978?

For Egypt

A

SUCCESS
Ended 30 yrs of conflict between Eqypt & Israel
Egypt first Arab nation to recognise Israel
Egypt’s relationship with US more secure
Nobel Peace Prize for Sadat
FAILURE
Egypt lost leadership of Arab world to Gaddaffi.
Sadat unfavourably compared to Nasser
Egypt accused of being selfish by other Arab nations
Only 3 of 22 supported Sadat. Jordan neutral. Syria & Libya denounced agreement
Sadat assassinated 1981

122
Q

What was the impact of Camp David 1978?

For Israel

A

SUCCESS
Israel more secure
No longer war on 2 fronts
Syria not much of a threat
Nobel Peace Prize

FAILURE
In Israel some were critical of Begin because he had compromised too much
Took Begin 7 hrs to convince Knesset to back the agreement
3,000 Israeli settlers in the Sinai objected to being moved and defied evacuation. IDF forced to evict them.

123
Q

What was the impact of Camp David 1978?

For Palestinians

A

FAILURE
PLO unhappy
Claims of Palestinians been forgotten
Jerusalem & Golan Heights not mentioned
Begin began to increase settlements in West Bank
Hopes for Palestinian sovereignty were dashed

124
Q

What was agreed at Washington in 1979?

A

Both agreed to recognise each states’ rights to live in peace and respect each other’s borders
Israel to withdraw fully from Sinai
Egypt allowed Israeli ships to use Suez & Straits of Tiran
Egypt recognised Straits of Tiran & Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways

125
Q

Causes of Lebanese Civil War 1978-90

Background

A

Lebanon: Divided by religion, politics. 1970s: 5% Druze, 40% Christian, 55% Muslim. Muslims split: Sunnis supported by Arabs, Shi’ites by Iran. Christians backed by Europe, US. Unstable power-sharing govt. Palestinian influx: 10% pop, 400k in camps. Non-Sunnis felt endangered.

126
Q

Causes of Lebanese Civil War 1978-90

Impact of PLO in Lebanon

A

After 1971 PLO based in Lebanon. Established schools & health clinics
Became powerful political influence.
Used Lebanon as base for attacks on Israel. Established training camps
Lebanese Gov unable to deal with PLO
With every PLO attack came harsh Israeli reprisals for Lebanon

127
Q

Causes of Lebanese Civil War 1978-90

Lebanese response to PLO

A

Early 1970s Lebanese Christians set up paramilitary force to destroy PLO intruders.
In response Lebanese Muslims & Druze joined with PLO
Civil War started in 1975 mostly between Christians & Muslims
PLO involved on side of poorer Shia Muslims

128
Q

Why did Israel intervene in Lebanon in 1978?

Syria & Israeli assistance not working

A

Syria involved on side of Christians. 40,000 occupying troops in north
Israel supported Christians with weapons
PLO remained strong in south so Israeli attacks continued

129
Q

Why did Israel intervene in Lebanon in 1978?

Coastal Road Massacre, March 1978

A

March 1978 PLO planned to seize luxury hotel in Tel Aviv. Their plan was to take tourists hostage in exchange for Palestinian prisoners and to wreck Israeli-Egyptian peace talks.
In shootout 38 Israeli civilians killed, worst killing on Israeli soil

130
Q

Why did Israel intervene in Lebanon again in 1982?

Operation Litani, March 1978 failed

A

Israel invaded 14 March 1978 with 26,000 troops. 1,100 Palestinian and Lebanese killed
PLO forces were pushed back to create buffer zone
Israel pressured by US to withdraw as threat to peace talks
Did not achieve objective as PLO moved north

131
Q

Why did Israel intervene in Lebanon again in 1982?

Failure of UN to prevent border attacks

A

UN established ceasefire.
Peacetalks faltered because of Palestinians Rejectionists who carried on fighting
Farms and settlements in Galilee under threat again
Raids increasing. By 1981 PLO & Israel effectively at war
Israel desperate to create buffer zone.
PLO had heavy weapons from USSR, including long range missiles

132
Q

Why did Israel intervene in Lebanon again in 1982?

Trigger Event - attempted assassination of 1982

A

June 1981 Israel invaded again because its UK ambassador was nearly assassinated
The attackers were not from PLO

133
Q

Operation Peace for Galilee 1982

Liberating Israel from border raids

A

Israel sent 70,000 troops, 800 tanks & 350 fighters
Forces did well. Surrounded Beirut to smoke out PLO
Syrian forces attacked from east of Lebanon
Israelis destroyed Syrian missile bases, shot down 100 Syrian jets
August multinational force from US, France & Italy supervised evacuation of 11,500 Palestinians fighters by ship from Beirut.
Most (including Arafat) went to Tunisia. New PLO HQ in Tunis
Galilee towns and farms free from PLO raids

134
Q

Operation Peace for Galilee 1982

International condemnation

A

Attacks on Beirut condemned because of high casualty rate and use of white phosphorus shells
20,000 Lebanese died
After evaculation of PLO Israel allowed Phalange Party into Palesinians refugee camps of Sabra & Shatila to root out PLO.
3,500 people brutally murdered in retaliation for car bomb that killed Bashir Gemael
Ariel Sharon resigned ovefr the Sabra & Shatila massacres

135
Q

Operation Peace for Galilee 1982

Hezbollah

A

Hezbollah more militant than PLO founded during civil war
Aim to force Israel to leave Lebanon.
When Israel did leave in 1985 they continued fighting over occupation of sm strip of Lebanon

136
Q

Causes of First Intifada 1987-1992

Continued building in occupied territories

A

International communitiy did not recognise Israeli sovereignty over territories captured in 6 Day War
Israel kept building in Golan Heights, West Bank & Jerusalem
1993 120,000 settlements in West Bank, 5,000 in Gaza, 13,000 in Golan Heights & 150,000 in Jerusalem
Annoyed Palestinians who had no homeland

137
Q

Causes of First Intifada 1987-1992

Life under Israeli occupation

A

Life in occupied territories was harsh
No made citizens. Military rule. Curfew, roadblocks, high unemployment and overcrowding in camps
Only unskilled jobs
Pay Israeli taxes, no right to vote

138
Q

Causes of First Intifada 1987-1992

Weakness of PLO

A

PLO moved out of Lebanon after 1987. Now scattered with HQ in Tunis
Young Palestinians were more educated and politically aware.
Tired of living in camps
Influenced by Hezbollah and Iran revolution of 1979

139
Q

Causes of First Intifada 1987-1992

Trigger cause

A

Dec 1987 4 Palestinians killed by Israeli truck near checkpoint in Gaza City.
Demonstrations at the funerals. At one, Israeli soldier shot young Palestinians
Further demonstrations sparked Intifada - uprising against occupation

140
Q

Impact of the first Intifada

For Palestinians

A

POSITIVE
Won international sympathy
Boycotted taxes, refused to carry ID cards
Not that violent but got violent response
Scale was huge
In 6 months of 1988 42,000 acts of hostility compared with 3,000 in 1987
Helped create sense of unity & empowerment

NEGATIVE
1,200 Palestinians killed, 120,000 wounded
27,000 children needed medical treatment in first 2 yrs of clashes (1/3 under 10)
Many killed by their own side if found to be collaborators
Businesses collapsed because of strikes, curfew & olive groves destroyed by attacks.
Trade fell 80%. Unemployment rose 50%

141
Q

Impact of the first Intifada

For the PLO

A

POSITIVE
Nothing

NEGATIVE
Early protests were spontaneous
Later ones organised by United Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU)
Coordinated boycotts and provided medical care and food to sustain people
Hamas founded in Gaza in 1987
Hamas rejected all peace talks and claimed PLO didn’t represent Palestinians
1992 open clashes between PLO & Hamas
PLO began to reconsider position
Nov 1988 Arafat announced PLO renouncing violence. Proposed 2 state solution

142
Q

Impact of the first Intifada

For Israel

A

POSITIVE
Political opinion in Israel began to shift
Question wisdom of controlling occupied territories

NEGATIVE
Used curfews, tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition
Schools and colleges closed 2 yrs as seen as centres of Palestinians resistance
Arms and fingers of children who threw stones were broken

143
Q

Why did First Gulf War 1991 help the search for peace?

Because of impact on US

A

US and Arab states cooperated in war. US in stronger position to act as peace negotiator. Pushed for solution or financial support might be withdrawn
PM Yitzhak Shamir said wanted to drag out peace talks for 10 yrs. He lost 1992 election

144
Q

Why did First Gulf War 1991 help the search for peace?

Because of impact on Israel

A

Israel emerged with improved reputation
Iraq fired on Israel but Israel did not retaliate. US appreciated the restraint
Only after 1992 election would new PM be willing to make a deal
Previous PM Yizhak Shamir wanted to drag peace talks out for 10 yrs

145
Q

Why did First Gulf War 1991 help the search for peace?

Because of its impact on PLO

A

PLO reputation damaged as Arafat supported Iraq.
Made Saudis & Kuwaits furious so withdrew financial support
PLO closed offices around the World
Summer 1991 PLO discredited and bankrupt
Had no bargaining power left over Israel

146
Q

Why did ending of Cold War help search for peace?

Impact on Israel

A

US needed Israel far less now Soviet Union had collapsed
US could now use threats against Israel to push towards a deal
New waves of immigration meant Israel needed aid more than ever

147
Q

Oslo 1995

Oslo Accord 1993 - interim agreement

A

Deal established Palestinan Authority that gave Palestinians control over daily lives in Gaza & West Bank
Palestinian Rule for 5 yr interim period - no later than May 1996
Israeli troops withdrawn from Gaza from other parts but not all of West Bank
After 5 yrs final settlement to be discussed

148
Q

Oslo 1995

Oslo II - Middle East Peace Accord 1995

A

Division of West Bank into areas so splitting Palestinians into enclaves and banning them from 60% of West Bank
Area A controlled by PNA - 3% of West Bank. No Israelis allowed
Area B under joint Palestinian civil control & Israeli military control - 25% of West Bank. No Israeli settlements and forces gradually withdraw
Area C controlled by Israel - 110,000 Jewish settlers. Gradually handed over to Palestinians
Redeployment of Israeli troops from Area A to other areas
Palestinian Police Force replace Israeli troops in Area A
Idea of safe passage between Gaza and West Bank but Israel retained right for security checkpoints and limit numbers etc
This was start of negotiations to be concluded before 4 May 1999

149
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

1967 War

A

After 1967 war Egyptians and Syrians forced PLO out
Left to set up bases in Jordan and some activities from Lebanon
After 1967 Fatah and PLO became closer.
Arafat led PLO from 1969. Now proper voice for Palestinians
Recruit many new members after Six Day War, better armed.
Continued to launch raids that many condemned as acts of terrorism

150
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

Karameh, March 1968

A

After series of Fatah raids into Israel, IDF raided Fatah HQ and key PLO bases in Jordan. Was a risky move. They sent 15,000 troops. After heavy fighting Israelis won but condemned internationally.
Boost to Fatah membership as 5000 joined in 2 days. Led to more attacks - 2,000 in 1969. Stengthened reputation of Yasser Arafat. Made chair of PLO in 1969

151
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

Expulsion from Jordan 1970

A

Jordan less impressed with PLO.
After 1967 King of Jordan tried to moderate activities of PLO that led to a civil war in Jordan in 1970
Palestinians tried to remove the King
After Palestinian organisation called Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked Israeli aircraft, King allowed miliatary to clear out Fedayeen from Jordan in Sep 1970
Fierce fighting. Known as Black September. Syria intervened and looked like Israel would back Syria.
Nasser acted as peacemaker but died shortly after crisis
PLO moved to Syria & Lebanon, where they eventually caused another civil war

152
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

Official recognition of PLO, Oct 1974

A

Events since 1973 & Lebanese civil war made sections of PLO more moderate
Hinted ready to consider mini-state for Palestinians consisting of Gaza & West Bank where most inhabitants were Palestinian
Arab summit Oct 1974 accepted PLO as sole and legitimate representation of Palestinian people
UN passed Resolution 3236

153
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

Arafat’s speech to UN, Nov 1974

A

Arafat invited to UN for first time
Wore freedom fighter fatigues.
Said he would be willing to negotiate
Many PLO members did not agree with new approach
Palestine given observer status by UN

154
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

Camp David 1978

A

Suggested could be self-government for Palestinians in Gaza & West Bank
For PLO this was not enough. Showed peace terms could be constructed without their input
US would not talk to them

155
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

Lebanon 1982

A

PLO moved out of Beirut in 1982 by international force to stop Israel attacking the city
PLO HQ moved to Tunis, some went to Yemen and other Arab states so power diminished
Hezbollah formed in Lebanese civil war. More prominent and militant

156
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

First Intifada 1987

A

Hamas founded in 1987, Blow to PLO
Hamas claimed PLO didn’t represent Palestinians. PLO worried Hamas would take over so they did a deal with them.

157
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

1988 Jordan renounces claim to West Bank

A

Arafat could now propose West Bank be part of new Palestinian state

158
Q

Key turning points for PLO from 1967 towards peace deal in 1995

1988 Arafat’s changed policy

A

Nov 1988 Arafat announced PLO recognised existence of Israel and accept two state solution
Palestinian state have Jeruslem as capital
Dec 1988 Arafat renounced all terrorism and called for Israeli withdrawal from all occupied territories
US agreed to open negotiations. Soon 70 countries recognised Palestine.
Further violence by off-shoots of PLO put off further moves to more negotiation

159
Q

Impact of Oslo 1995

Violence

A

Rabin assassinated in 1995 by Israeli who opposed peace process
Hamas opposed peace process and pledged to destroy Israel
Hamas began suicide bombings in 1994
More Israeli settlements led to ordinary Palestinians becoming more militant. Second Intifada developed

160
Q

Impact of Oslo 1995

Growth of Palestinian police force

A

Police force of around 24,000 to provide security and combat terrorism
Expanded far beyond limits set by Oslo II and acquired weapons
Israelis claimed police had carried out terrorist actions and 150 were members of extremist groups

161
Q

Impact of Oslo 1995

Israeli crackdown on violence

A

Israeli withdrawal from Palestinian towns happened v slowly and settlements kept being built
Curfews to seal borders and stop suicide bombers
Led to unemployment and hardship for Palestinians

162
Q

Impact of Oslo 1995

Building

A

Netanyahu pledged:
Never give up Golan Heights
Build more settlements in West Bank
Never discuss Jerusalem

Netanyahu built more homes in West Bank, cleared Arab homes in East Jerusalem, Blocked Oslo II for months so Israel did not have to pull out of Hebron
Opened tourist tunnel near Al Aqsa Mosque in Jersualem. Violence followed.
March 1997 announced plans for massive expansion in East Jerusalem. Hamas responded with suicide bomb attack

163
Q

How did peace agreements 73-95 change relationship between Israel & Arab

1974-5 Disengagement Treaties

A

CHANGE
1974 Disengagement Treaty
Israel began withdrawal from Western part of Sinai.
Egypt got oilfields of Sinai and open Canal
Syria & Egypt agree not to use force against Israel
1975 Disengagement Treaty
Israel to withdraw from parts of Golan Heights to give back land Syria lost in 1973
NO CHANGE OR LIMITED CHANGE
No agreement with Syria over the use of force

164
Q

How did peace agreements 73-95 change relationship between Israel & Arab

1978 Camp David

A

CHANGE
Israel returned Sinai to Egypt - back to 1967 borders
Israel & Egypt agree to talk about West Bank & Gaza
Israel allowed to use Suez and Straits of Tiran
Jewish settlements in Sinai closed

NO CHANGE/LIMITED CHANGE
Some felt Egypt selling out.
Sadat assassinated
Israel involved with Lebanese Civil War so only changed relationship with small part of Arab world
No deals made over West Bank, most of Golan Heights or Gaza
Settlements built on West Bank and Palestinian homes destroyed in Jerusalem
Israel had to be pushed into making terms
Intifada 1987 showed poor relationship

165
Q

How did peace agreements 73-95 change relationship between Israel & Arab

1984 Peace deal with Jordan

A

CHANGE
Jordan gives up claims to West Bank so Israel & Jordan can live peacefully
Makes it easier to make deal with Palestinians over West Bank in 1995
NO CHANGE/LIMITED CHANGE
Does improve relationship with Jordan but this has never been bad. Jordan kicked out PLO in 1970 & not engaged with Israel in 1973

166
Q

How did peace agreements 73-95 change relationship between Israel & Arab

1993/5 Oslo

A

CHANGE
1993 Palestinian Authority given control over daily life in Gaza & West Bank for 5 yrs
Palestinian police force created but Jewish army remained
PLO move to Gaza in 1994
1995 Oslo II divided West Bank into enclaves and banned Palestinians from 60% of area
NO CHANGE/ LIMITED CHANGE
No deal on Golan Heights
Israel continues to build in West Bank. Curfews
Hamas are violent. Relationship with Palestinians does not improve.
Second Intifada in 2000

167
Q

Causes of Second Intifada 2000-2005

Long term failure of Oslo

A

SEE IMPACT OF OSLO
Success for Oslo depended on good will from both sides
Terrorist attacks continued so Israelis established road blocks between Gaza & West Bank
Continued building in West Bank
No economic development in Palestinian areas
By 2000 peace talks in US collapsed

168
Q

Causes of Second Intifada 2000-2005

Short term. Ariel Sharon speech Sep 2000

A

Sharon, head of Likud, visited Temple Mount and declared it as the heart of the Jewish city that would belong to Israel.
His statement led to Palestinian demonstrations, which escalated into riots the following day.
The situation worsened with a general strike and a day of mourning following the killing of a young boy, marking a significant atrocity in the ongoing conflict.

169
Q

Why was Second Intifada more violent than first?

Israeli response

A

Sharon became PM in Feb 2001, adopting a hard-line approach. Israel responded forcefully to the 2000 riots, using significant firepower. Operation Defensive Shield resulted in the occupation of major Palestinian cities, with curfews, arrests, and 500 killed

170
Q

Why was Second Intifada more violent than first?

Outside changes

A

Many inspired by Hezbollah guerilla campaign that had forced Israel out of Lebanon in 2000
After 9/11 wave of Jihadism swept the world. Palestinians inspired by Bin Laden
Weapons sent to Palestinians from abroad, including Iran that funded Islamic Jihad
Jihad - striving or struggling esp with a praiseworthy aim

171
Q

Why was Second Intifada more violent than first?

Changes in Palestinian movement

A

Many more armed Palestinian groups including PFLP, Islamic Jihad, Hamas
Arafat not in as much control as before. Less incentive to control violence

172
Q

Why was Israeli security fence so controversial?

Why was Israeli security fence so controversial?

A

Most cut into Palestinian territory
Annexed ≃10% of total area of West Bank to Israeli side of border
Supported by International Court of Justice
Prevented economic development by restricting movement of Palestinians.
Fence 708km long and 60 m exclusion zone

173
Q

Why was Israeli security fence so controversial?

Undermines peace negotiations

A

Created new borders
Called Separation Wall or West Bank Barrier by Israelis
Called Apartheid Wall by Palestinians
Fortified with high fences, barbed wire, guard posts. Built in area where Israelis & Palestinians lived closely together
Rapidly associated with future political border

174
Q

Impact of Second Intifada

On Palestinians

A

CASUALTIES
5,000 killed Thousands injured & arrested
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Before Intifada 10% unemployed. By 2005 rose to 25%
Tourism collapsed. 92,000 per year in 2002 down to 7,500 in 2004
60% of Palestinians in poverty by 2005
Damage done to Palestinian economy over $1.1 billion in first quarter of 2002
5,000 homes destroyed and thousands more too damaged to live in
Ramallah 5% homeless
INTERNATIONAL
Sympathy but condemnation of suicide bombings

175
Q

Impact of Second Intifada

On Israelis

A

CASUALTIES
1,063 died 8,000 wounded
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Tourism collapsed.
Cost of military harmed economy
2005 10% of Israelis unemployed & 30% lived in poverty
Cumulative economic damage $35-45 billion
INTERNATIONAL
Harsh tactics and refusal to follow international law strongly criticised. Drew attention to plight of Palestinians

176
Q

Why Roadmap for Peace developed in 2003-5?

International concerns

A

International shock at violence of Second Intifada
US elimination of Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq gave it greater power in the region
Plan had backing of US,EU, UN & Russia
Security fence brought matters to international attention

177
Q

Why Roadmap for Peace developed in 2003-5?

Because Israel more willing to talk

A

After Arafat’s death in Nov 2004 Mahmoud Abbas became President. More willing to talk
On Israeli side, tourism collapsed and economy in trouble si Sharon more willing to talk
Talks resumed again

178
Q

What did Roadmap for Peace achieve?

End to Intifada

A

With help of $50m US aid, militant Palestinians agreed to a ceasefire in 2005. Prisoners were exchanged and Intifada ended Feb 2005

179
Q

What did Roadmap for Peace achieve?

Land changes

A

Disengagement Plan - Israel agreed to withdraw from occupied towns & Gaza Strip in 2005 - 8,000 settlers moved and compensated
V unpopular with Israelis put Sharon under huge US pressure

180
Q

Why did Roadmap for Peace come to end?

Unpopularity of Sharon

A

Sharon in political trouble. Had to form a new party (Kadima) to stay in office in 2005
Right wing Israelis refused to consider withdrawing from West Bank where 400,000 settlers lived and refused to surrender any part of Jerusalem to be the capital of Palestinian state

181
Q

Why did Roadmap for Peace come to end?

Why did Roadmap for Peace come to end?

A

Hamas won control of Palestinian Assembly in Jan 2006 from Fatah
Turf war between Fatah & Hamas started. Harmed peace process
Many Israelis felt that Hamas was pledged to the destruction of Israel and so did not really want peace
Hamas refused to attend peace talks
Hamas fired rockets into Israel
Israel responded with bombing raids into Gaza and strengthened blockade around Gaza
International Sanctions on Palestinian National Authority

182
Q

Roadmap for Peace

What was it?

A

Plan set out to achieve this by 2005 in 3 stages
Stage 1
Immediate cessation of Palestinian violence, dismantling of Israeli settlements built since March 2001, progressive Israeli withdrawl from occupied territories
Stage 2
Creation of independent Palestinian state and international conference
Stage 3
Permanent end of conflict with agreement on borders, status of Jerusalem and fate of Palestinian refugees and Israeli settlements

Sharon pledged support provided Palestinian state was restricted to 42% of West Bank and 70% of Gaza and under full Israeli control. Ruled out division of Jerusalem and Palestinian right of return and wanted more than 100 changes to roadmap .
Finally published on 20 April 2003 - day of invasion phase of Iraq war ended

183
Q

Why war in Gaza after 2008? Why did Israel launch Operation Cast Lead?

To show Middle East that Israel was powerful

A

Israel left Lebanon in 2000 and Hezbollah won credit for pushing them out
In 2006 Israel invaded Lebanon to destroy Hezbollah attacks on n Israel
Hezbollah making Israel look weak and needed to show were still powerful
Had to do this before Obama took over in Jan 2008, hence invasion in Dec 2008

184
Q

Why war in Gaza after 2008? Why did Israel launch Operation Cast Lead?

To stop Qassim rocket attacks on Israel from Gaza

A

Extreme poverty (80% of population) in Gaza led to Hamas gaining significant power. In response to Hamas firing Qassim rockets into Israel from Gaza, Operation Cast Lead was launched. The operation targeted Hamas fighters and aimed to destroy the tunnels used for weapon smuggling between Gaza and Egypt. While a brief ceasefire occurred in 2008, its longevity was uncertain.

History IGCSE - 16 Markers (5 decks)

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