U.S. Policy in the Middle East Flashcards
Mahatmas Gandhi
Indian anti-colonial nationalist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India’s independence from British rule
Arab
ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa, Arabic-speaking people
Pan-Arabism
- nationalist ideology that unifies all Arab people in a single nation-state
–> independence of most Arab states from the Ottoman Empire
Sykes-Picot accord
- 1916 secret treaty between the UK and France, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire in Middle East
- Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom it reached its peak in both political and social expression
UN Security Council
- charged with ensuring international peace and security
- US, China, Russia, France, UK
Islamophobia
hatred, fear, and discrimination of Muslims or people perceived to be Muslim; Long history in the Unites States, especially after 9/11
Arab-Israeli Wars
1 - 1948 war involved 5 independent Arab nations (Arab League), invaded Israel to create a unified Arab Palestine
1948 cease fire agreement reached, Israel took over some previously Arab territory (Jordon occupied West Bank and Egypt Gaza strip) –> refugees after the Catastrophe
2 - Israel govern previously Arab states –> refugees –> Palestinian politicians wanted to recover land so they turned to the USSR for weapons; US supports Israel
Suez Crisis
- Suez Crisis or the Second Arab–Israeli War, Sinai War in Israel, was a British–French–Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956
- Canal strategic that let ships (Controlled by Britain and France)
- Nasser nationalizes the canal –> B. and F. and Israel invade to seize control (US and USSR condemn them)
Palestinian Liberation Organization
- Palestinian nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinian people
- Israelis settling in Palestine land –> PLO
- Israelis settling in Palestine land –> PLO, attacked Israel from Jordan, and then in Lebanon –> Israel took PLO out of Lebanon; Agreed to 2 states;
Camp David Accords
Jimmy Carter organized Camp David Accords (peace treaty) –> Israel withdraw, Egypt recognizes Israel; US aid to both countries
- Arabs expel Egypt from Arab League –> Egypt becomes isolated and dependent on US
Iran-Iraq War
- Iran-Iraq War, (1980–88), prolonged military conflict in 1980
- Iraqi armed forces invaded western Iran, though Iraq claimed that the war had begun when Iran shelled a number of border posts
- ended by a 1988 cease-fire
-diplomatic relations and the withdrawal of troops took place after the formal peace agreement in 1990.
Civil War in Lebanon
- civil conflict (1975–90) in Lebanon emanating from the deterioration of the state
- Christians mostly sided with the Western world while Muslims, pan-Arabists, and leftists mostly sided with Soviet-aligned Arab countries
The Intifada
: uprising, resistance movement
1. Truck crash, one Israeli and two Palestine –> bloody conflict –> Oslo Accords
2. Israelis and Palestinians could not come to agreements about many things; Jewish Israeli (Prime minister) visited mosque –> offensive to Palestinians –> violence ended with Israels withdraw from Gaza, but continued to settle in west bank
Global War on Terror
- global military campaign initiated by the United States after 9/11
- global conflict spanning multiple wars
- main targets of the campaign are militant Islamist movements like Al-Qaeda, Taliban and their allies; terrorists
ISIS
-violent extremist group (Al-Qaeda) grow in power in Iraq and Syria bc US’ invasion of Iraq
- rejected authority of M.E, want to create a caliphate state
- Intolerant interprentation of Islami violence and fear (Shi’i Muslims), terrorist attacks
