U.S History Finals 2024 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Bill of Rights?
A
The first ten amendments of the constitution, spelling out the American’s rights in relation to their government.
2
Q
Who introduced the first draft of the Bill of Rights in 1789?
A
James Madison
3
Q
What is the 1st Amendment?
A
- Freedom of religion
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of press
- Freedom to assembly
- Freedom to petition government
4
Q
What is the 2nd Amendment?
A
Right to bear arms, for militias
5
Q
What is the 3rd Amendment?
A
The government can’t force you to shelter soldiers in your home without consent in time of war
6
Q
What is the 4th Amendment?
A
The government can’t search/ seize property without a specific probable cause or warrant
7
Q
What is the 5h Amendment?
A
- No double jeopardy
- Can’t be randomly arrested
- Don’t have to testify against yourself
- Spousal privilige
- Must have trial before conviction
- Eminent domain
- Easement
8
Q
What is the 6th Amendment?
A
- Right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury
- Must be told of charge
- Must be provided a lawyer if can’t afford one
- Right to face accuser/witnesses
9
Q
What is the 7th Amendment?
A
Right to a jury trial in federal civil cases
10
Q
What are the names for the 4-7 Amendments?
A
Miranda rights or the rights of the accused
11
Q
What is the 8th Amendment?
A
No excessive bail and fines or unusal punishment
12
Q
What is the 9th Amendment?
A
Listing specific rights in the Constitution does not mean that people do not have other rights that have not been listed
13
Q
What is the 10th Amendment?
A
The federal government only has those powers listed in the Constitution, others that aren’t listed belong to the states
14
Q
What was the cabinet seat created by Washington?
A
Secretary of Treasury
15
Q
What is Alexander Hamilton best known for?
A
Proposing and creating the national bank
16
Q
What political parties developed from the federalists and anti-federalists?
A
Democratic-Republicans and Federalists
17
Q
The Whiskey Rebellion was caused because the federal government instituted a tax which disproportionately affected…
A
Frontier grain farmers
18
Q
Why did Alexander Hamilton want the Whiskey Rebellion?
A
So that the Federal government could demonstrate it had the power to enforce laws
19
Q
In what type of interpretation did Thomas Jefferson believe in?
A
Strict
20
Q
In what type of interpretation did Alexander Hamilton believe in?
A
Loose
21
Q
What was the XYZ affair?
A
When John Addams, as president of the U.S, and the American government were humiliated when a French delegation attempted to extort 250,000 dollars from American diplomats
22
Q
What does the term Alien refer to?
A
Immigrants living in a country that are not citizens
23
Q
What was accomplished through the passage of the Alien Act?
A
- Government could more easily deport an alien without real cause
- Government could block immigrants from “undesirable” countries
- Immigrants would have to live in the country for 14 years in order to gain citizenship
24
Q
Which groups were targeted by the Alien Act?
A
Irish and French
25
What was the Sedition Act?
It made illegal to print anything negative bout the presidency/government during the Adams Administration
26
The Alien and Sedition Acts were put into law under which president?
John Adams
27
The Alien and Sedition acts violated which constitutional right?
The 1st Amendment
28
Why were the Alien and Sedition acts instituted?
- Government was being criticized for their policy towards the French
- Government wanted to limit what newspapers could say
- Government was suspicious of foreigners, especially the French
29
What department did Adams add to the executive cabinet?
Navy
30
What act did Adams pass to increase the number of Federalist justices in the Judicial Branch?
The Midnight Judges Act
31
Why was the Marbury v. Madison court case significant?
It established Judicial Review
32
What unconstitutional clauses did the Judiciary Act of 1789 include?
The writ of mandamus
33
Why was the Judiciary act of 1789 unconstitutional?
It gave the Federal courts too much power
34
Which president did the Louisiana Purchase?
Thomas Jefferson
35
By how much did the Louisiana purchase increase the size of the U.S?
By two
36
Which geographic feature did the U.S want to control in New Orleans?
The Mississippi river Delta
37
Why was the Louisiana purchase made?
To keep Napoleon from colonizing the West
38
Which only states were the Louisiana purchase supposed to include?
Louisiana and Florida
39
Who did Jefferson hire to explore the Louisiana territory?
Lewis and Clark
40
With who's help did Lewis and Clark survive their two years exploring the west?
A Native American named Sacagawea
41
Why were Lewis and Clark hired?
To discover all they could about:
- Environment, animals, & foliage
- Native American Tribes
- Natural resources
42
How were the first settlers to move westward called?
Frontiersman and pioneers
43
Which prehistoric animal did Jefferson hope to find living in the Louisiana territory?
The Mastedon
44
Who did the first Cabinet consist of?
-Vice President
- Department of State
- Department of War
- Department of the Treasury
- Attorney General
45
What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 establish?
Established the Supreme Court consisting of a Chief justice and 5 justice associates.
46
Why does Jefferson hate the National Bank plan?
- It is unfair to Virginia since they payed off their debt
- "Quid pro Quo", wealthy business men would do a favor to the government so the government would have to do one back
- Because it wasn't on the constitution
47
What is Washington's legacy?
He set many precedents for future presidents to follow and now he is seen as the father of the nation
48
What is Adams legacy?
Remember mostly for the XYZ affair and for creating the Navy department. Not regarded as a great president, mostly remembered for his failures rather than achievements
49
Why were the reasons of the war of 1812?
- Impressment of soldiers
- Support for natives
- National honor
50
Who was involved in the war of 1812?
Britain, Canada, and Native allies
51
What did the war of 1812 result in?
The treaty of Ghent, no territorial changes
52
Why did the U.S feel like it won the war of 1812?
Because it reinforced their autonomy
53
Who was the president when the Monroe Doctrine was issued?
James Monroe
54
What type of policy was the Monroe Doctrine?
Foreign
55
Why was the Monroe Doctrine issued for?
In support of the newly freed nations in Latin America
56
According to the Monroe Doctrine, what sentiments do the Americans harbor for the Europeans?
Friendly and in favor of their liberty and happiness
57
According to the Monroe Doctrine, how has the U.S responded to wars in Europe between exclusively European nations?
Has remained neutral and uninvolved
58
According to the Monroe Doctrine, how does the U.S differ from the European nations?
Style of government
59
What is and has been our policy towards Europe according to the Monroe Doctrine?
Not to interfere
60
What were the 2 REAL reasons why the U.S wanted the Latin American countries to remain free?
1. U.S took advantage of unfair trade
2. U.S wanted to remain the most powerful nation in the Western hemisphere
61
Outcome of the election of 1824
Jackson wins by popular vote. House of Representatives must decide because there is no majority winner in the electoral votes. John Q wins
62
What significant event happen during Quincy's precidency?
Most states enlarged their voting population, so poor white men without land could now vote
63
Outcome of the election of 1828?
Andrew Jackson
64
What political party did Jackson fund?
Jacksonian Democrats
65
Outcome of the election of 1832?
Andrew Jackson is re-elected
66
Who was Nicholas Beetle?
The president of the second national bank
67
What was Henry Clay's and Nicholas Beetle's conspiracy deal?
To ask Jackson to recharter the bank 4 years early, so he must decide to either kill the bank and please the Southerners, or continue with the bank and please the Northeners.
68
How did Jackson respond to Clay's and Beetle's conspiracy deal?
He sees it as a personal attack and kills the bank. He is seen as a hero for standing up to the North and the elite
69
What was the Northern Economy based on?
Fishing, shipbuilding industry, naval supplies, trade, and port cities
70
What was the Southern Economy based on?
Large farm/plantations, cash crops, wood products, small farms, and slavery
71
What was the tariff of 1828?
Taxes placed on imported goods
72
Who was John C.Calhoun? And what did he believe about the tariff of 1828?
Vice-President under Jackson. Believed that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional since it only favored the North.
73
What did Jackson think about the John C. Calhoun statements about the tariff of 1828?
He took it as a personal attack and passed the force bill to try and force the South to accept the tariff.
74
What were the purposes of the national bank?
- Safe place to deposit tax money and other revenue
- Allowed the country to generate bonds across
- Allowed loans to new industries
- Enabled foreign investments
- Print currency
75
What was the Indian Removal Act?
Forcing Indians out of their ancestral
76
What was the trail of tears?
Remaining Cherokees who were forced out and had to walk out west during the winter.
77
About how many Cherokee died?
6,000
78
Why was Andrew Jackson popular?
For being a self-made "regular man"
79
Andrew Jackson's followers were called?
Jacksonians
80
The Nullification Crisis occurred because South Carolina was angered by?
The tariff of 1828
81
What does it mean to nullify a law?
To make a law invalid
82
What did South Carolina believe about the tariff of 1828?
It unfairly only benefitted the Northern Trade
83
Under who was the First national bank chartered?
George Washington
84
Under who was the First national bank allowed to expire?
James Madison
85
Under who was the Second national bank chartered?
James Madison
86
Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle worked together in an attempt to... (2 things
- To get Jackson to re-charter the Second Bank of the U.S
- To make Henry Clay president
87
The Second national bank was chartered in 1816 and lasted until 1832 when Andrew Jackson...
Vetoed the re-charter and removed federal money and deposited it into state banks
88
Andrew Jackson did not prefer the policy of assimilation towards the natives. Instead what did he prefer?
The policy of removal
89
Native Americans were moved west following the Indian Removal Act to which territory?
Oklahoma
90
How many tribes were targeted through the Indian Removal Act?
5
91
Which tribes did the Indian Removal Acts target?
The Seminoles, the Cherokee, the Chickasaw, the Choctaw, and the Creek
92
In Florida, Jackson waged a series of two wars against which native tribe?
The Seminoles
93
The Cherokee took their case to keep their land all the way to the Supreme Court where...
The court sided with the Cherokee
94
The Indian Removal Act culminated in the forced migration of the Cherokee in what became known as?
The Trail of Tears
95
The forced migration of the Cherokee led to the deaths of?
1/4 of the people who marched
96
What was the outcome of Marbury v. Madison?
It ruled in Madison's favor
97
Who was the 6th president of the U.S? What is he most remembered for?
John Quincy Adams. Mostly nothing
98
What was the Middle Passage?
The oceanic route from Africa to the U.S commonly used to transport slaves
99
How was the domestic slave trade called?
The Second Middle Passage
100
When was the Atlantic Slave Trade abolished?
1807
101
Who did the Fugitive Slave Act made penalties more severe for?
Abolitionists on the underground railroad
102
Why did Nat Turner saw himself as a Moses to his people?
Because he wanted to free his people from slavery
103
What was Nat Turner's ultimate goal?
Ignite civil war
104
What did Nat Turner's rebellion result in?
The passage of the new race-based restrictive legislation in the South
105
Which was a method of communication employed by the Conductors of the Underground Railroad?
Hiding secret messages in quilt patterns
106
Dread Scott was a slave in which territory?
Virginia
107
Dread Scott was to free territory by who?
An abolitionist
108
Dread Scott sued his owner in the U.S Supreme Court for what?
His freedom
109
What were the 3 issues in the Dread Scott v. Sanford Case?
1. Whether free African Americans can sue in court
2. Whether Scott should be freed
3. Whether Congress had the authority to prohibit slavery in a new territory
110
What is a prevailing decision?
The majority opinion and the unanimous agreement of the court
111
What is a dissenting opinion?
The minority opinion of the court
112
Which of the following was a major CAUSE of the American Civil War?
Slavery
113
In 1859 which abolitionist raided Harper's Ferry, Virginia in an attempt to insight a slave rebellion?
John Brown
114
To which "new" political party did Abraham Lincoln belong in 1860?
Republican
115
Which event officially marked the start of the American Civil War?
The attack on Fort Sumter
116
Who was the American Civil War fought between?
The Union and the Confederacy
117
What action did 7 southern states take in between Lincoln's first election and his inauguration?
Seceded from the Union
118
Why did Abraham Lincoln only "send food for hungry men" to Fort Sumter?
He did not want to be blamed for starting the war
119
Who is blamed for ultimately starting the Civil War?
Jefferson Davis
120
Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave that advocated for...
Abolition
121
Which of the following was not a border state during the American Civil War?
Texas
122
Which were advantages enjoyed by the Union?
- Greater industrial capability
- Greater population
- Greater access to train lines
123
Which were advantages enjoyed by the Confederacy?
- Greater number of well-trained officers
- Closer trade relations with Great Britain
- Stronger military tradition
124
Why was the South angry at the result of the election of 1860?
Because Lincoln was anti-slavery, did not appear on Southern ballots, and inexperienced
125
Who was the general of the Union?
Ulysses Grant
126
Who was the general of the Confederacy?
Robert E. Lee
127
During the Civil War, what did soldiers mainly do?
Fought in battles and drilled and marched
128
Which were common hardships faced by Civil War soldiers?
- Dehydration and starvation
- Disease and infection
- Imprisonment
129
What is secession?
The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body (political state)
130
The Battle of Gettysburg was...
The turning point of the war
131
Where did the Confederate Army surrender?
Appomattox Court House
132
What is the 13th Amendment?
Slavery banned
133
What is the 14th Amendment?
All naturally born in the U.S have natural citizenship
134
What is the 15th Amendment?
All citizens have the right to vote
135
Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln?
John Wilkes Booth
136
Who became the next president after Lincoln's assassination?
Andrew Johnson
