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URTI Flashcards

1
Q

Describe rhinovirus

A

Icosahedral, non-enveloped positive sense single-stranded linear RNA virus

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2
Q

What family does Rhinovirus belong to?

A

Picornavirus

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3
Q

Rhinovirus is the most common cause of what?

A

common cold (more common in fall and winter)

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4
Q

T or F. Rhinovirus is acid labile

A

T. Destroyed by stomach acid

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5
Q

How is rhinovirus transmitted?

A

person-to-person via respiratory droplets or indirectly by respiratory droplets on hands

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6
Q

Pathogenesis of rhinovirus

A

virus binds to ICAM-1 on respiratory epithelial cells and elicits inflammation to cause vasodilation, mucous secretion, and stimulation of sneeze and cough reflexes

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7
Q

What is the incubation period of rhinovirus?

A

2-4 days (illness lasts about 1 week)

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8
Q

Treatment of rhinovirus?

A

Supportive only

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9
Q

Describe coronavirus

A

Helical, enveloped, + sense single-stranded linear RNA that accounts for 15-20% of URTIs

active in winter in a 2-3 yr cycle

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10
Q

T or F. Coronavirus does NOT cause LRTIs

A

T. except SARS and MERS

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11
Q

What else can coronavirus cause?

A

GI illness

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12
Q

Describe Bordetella pertussis

A

small coccobacillary, encapsulated gram negative rod

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13
Q

What disease does Bordetella pertussis cause?

A

Whooping Cough

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14
Q

What major toxin does Bordetella pertussis use?

A

A-B toxin

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15
Q

What does A-B toxin do?

A

stimulates adenylate cyclase by catalyzing the addition of ADP-ribosylation to the inhibitory subunit of the G protein complex, resulting in overactive cAMP- dependent protein kinase activity which impairs phagocytosis

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16
Q

How is Bordetella pertussis transmitted?

A

airborne droplets (very contagious)

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17
Q

What are the stages of Bordetella pertussis infection?

A
  • catarrhal (2 wks of mild URT symptoms)
  • paroxysmal (2-3 months of severe cough)
  • Convalescent (1-2 wks of cough reducing)
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18
Q

How is Bordetella pertussis diagnosed?

A
  • Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR)
  • Culture
  • CBC With LYMPHOCYTOSIS
19
Q

Why is lymphocytosis seen Bordetella pertussis?

A

pertussis toxin inhibits signal transduction by chemokine receptors, resulting in failure of lymphocytes to enter lymphoid tissue such as spleen and lymph nodes

20
Q

How is Bordetella pertussis treated?

A

-Azithro for all regardless of age or symptom presentation (if given very early it can shorter course duration but if given later the toxin has probably already damaged the respiratory mucosa BUT will reduce risk of complications such as PNA or respiratory failure)

21
Q

Describe Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

gram + pleomorphic bacillus, club shaped

22
Q

Pathogenesis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

A-B toxin blocks protein synthesis by inactivating elongation factor 2 (EF-2) by ADP ribosylation AND

can induce formation of a pseudomembrane

23
Q

How does Diphtheria present?

A

gradual onset of:

  • sore throat
  • malaise/fatigue/fever
  • cervical LAD (‘bull neck’)
  • neuropathies
24
Q

How does Diphtheria affect the heart?

A

myocarditis 7-14 days after onset of respiratory symptoms

25
What is a pseudomembrane?
membrane composed of necrotic fibrin, leukocytes, RBCs, epithelial cells, and organisms that adheres tightly to underlying tissue and bleeds with scraping
26
How is Diphtheria diagnosed?
- Throat swab culture of Loeffler's medium, tellurite plate | - Methylene blue plate good for revealing metachromatic granules
27
What color tellurite plate is positive?
gray-black
28
How is Diphtheria treated?
Antitoxin administration AND either penicillin or erythromycin. Treat immediately!!
29
What are the most common causes of acute otitis media?
Strep pneumo, H. influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis
30
Treatment for acute otitis media?
Amoxicillin or Augmentin for those who have had recent ABX or have a history of AOM unresponsive to amoxicillin (give if you see purulent conjunctivitis)
31
Treatment of acute sinusitis?
Augmentin (if they get better or get worse)
32
What is epiglottitis?
inflammation of the supraglottic region of the oropharynx with inflammation of the epiglottis, vallecula, and arytenoids
33
Major causes of epiglottis?
- H. influenza - H. parainfluenzae - GAS - Strep pneum
34
Typical patient population for epiglottitis?
urban male in 40s
35
How does epiglottitis present? Treatment?
sore throat, dysphagia, muffled voice treat with ceftriaxone because severe prognosis good normally
36
What factors does H. flu require for growth?
V and X (grows on chocolate age)
37
Strep pneumo is becoming more resistant to penicillin. How?
altered penicillin binding proteins
38
Why is altered penicillin binding proteins the more likely cause of resistance in gram + and B-lactamases more likely in gram negatives?
Gram negatives can secrete the lactamases into the peri-nuclear space and it is more concentrated
39
Why is otitis media more common in children?
Eustachian tubes are shorter, narrower, and more horizontal than in adults.
40
Rhinovirus grows better at lower temperatures. There is evidence that rhinovirus can contribute to pneumonia.
Rhinovirus grows better at lower temperatures. There is evidence that rhinovirus can contribute to pneumonia.
41
What is a gram+, forming long branching filaments, anaerobics; associated with "sulfur granules"?
Actinomyces
42
What should be done if C. diphtheria is recovered from culture?
either Ab inoculation or antibody-based gel diffusion precipitin test is performed to document toxin production. or PCR for presence of toxin gene
43
Vaccine schedule for Dtap?
2,4,6; 15-18 months and kindergarten; booster at 11 and in between 19-64 yoa
44
An x-ray of epiglottis would show what?
thumb sign showing inflammation

Pulmonary Week 2 (25 decks)

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