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URT infections Flashcards

1
Q

At what point is the UTR and LTR divides

A

Vocal chords

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Microbiata of the URT is complex or sterile

A

Complex resident microbiota

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3
Q

UTR is usually sterile or full of bacteria?

A

Sterile

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4
Q

Infections of LTR

A
  • Trachea – tracheitis
  • Bronchi- bronchitis
  • Bronchioles- bronchiolitis
  • Alveoli- pneumonia
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5
Q

Host defences of upper airway

A
  • Air filtration – hairs in the nose, mucus.
  • Epiglottic reflex – prevents aspirating (Swallowing the wrong way)
  • Cough
  • Mucociliary clearance – move mucus to reach oesophagus
  • Secretory IgA
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6
Q

The eppiglottic reflex prevents what

A

Aspirating, swallowing the wrong way

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7
Q

Mucociliary escelator does what

A

Move mucus to reach oesophagus

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8
Q

Why does a tracheotomy impair host defences

A

Bypasses mechanisms

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9
Q

What does alcohol impair of the host defenses

A

Epiglottic reflex

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10
Q

How do foreign bodies impact host defenses

A

impair mucus, cough, secretory IgA. Have pathogens on them. Impact mucociliary escalator.

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11
Q

What type of disease can increase pathogen capture by mucus leading to defense impariement

A

CF

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12
Q

What are UTRs mostly caused by

A

Viruses

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13
Q

Medical term for sore throat

A

Pharyngitis

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14
Q

The tonsils are a collection of what tissue

A

Lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

What bacteria causes acute pharyngitis and tonsilitis

A

Group A strep and S. pyogenes

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16
Q

More minor bacterial causes of acute pharyngitis and tonsilitis

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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17
Q

What is Quinsy

A

Peritonsillar abcesses in the tonsils

18
Q

What antibiotics well against streptococcal sore throats so why is it used

A

Beta-lactam (don’t produce beta lactamases)
Macrolides

19
Q

Complications of strep infections

A

Non-infectious sequelae
Post-strep glomerulonephritis
Rheumatic fever

20
Q

What is Post-streptococcus glomerulonephritis

A
  • Acute inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney (small capillaries in kidney)
21
Q

What is a consequence of Post-streptococcus glomerulonephritis:

A
  • Consequence of trapped immune complexes -> hypersensitivity. Antigen produced by the bacteria forms complexes which are very large leading to blockage in capillaries leading to inflammation.
22
Q

Rheumatic fever is what type of hypersensitivity

23
Q

Rheumatic fever: M protein produced by what genus

A

Streptococcus

24
Q

MOA of rhuematic fever M-protein in a hypersensetivity reaction

A
  • Antibodies raised against M-protein also react with cardiac tissue. M protein is a virulence factor produced by strep, it is similar to many tissues including cardiac tissue, cross-reactivity
25
Q

Symptoms of rheumatic fever

A
  • Poly arthritis
  • Chorea: jerky movements
  • Erythema marginatum: red rash rings
26
Q

How are UTR infections diagnosed, clinic and lab

A

Clinic: Scoring approaches like FeverPain and Centor
Diagnostic lab: Culture/Ag testing of throat swab. Serology. Tests for other organisms like Mycoplasma and Chlamydophilias spp.

27
Q

Dipetheria toxin is p—— encoded

28
Q

What concentration of iron does diptheria need to produce

A

Low EC iron

29
Q

MOA of diptheria toxin

A

DT binds into a clathrin coated pit which is taken in via receptor mediated endocytosis, endosome, pH lowers. Endosomal escape and so active A subunit coverts NAD to nicotinamide which fuels the ribosylation of EF-2 which tags it with ADP ribosome leading to ribosome recycling and so cell death

30
Q

What type of toxin is diptheria toxin

31
Q

What agar to use to diagnose diptheria

A

Blood tellurite agar, selective

32
Q

Toxin detection test for dipetheria

A

Elek test, production of precipitin, reaction of toxin and antitoxin

33
Q

What bacteria causes epiglottitis

A

Haemophilus infleunzae TypeB

34
Q

Why is epiglottitis now rare in the UK

A

vaccination

35
Q

In what age group is epiglottitis seen usually

A

Young kids

36
Q

Are the ears included in the URT

37
Q

What causes a middle ear infection

A

S.pneuomiae
H. influenzae
S. pyogenes

38
Q

Symptoms of middle ear infection

A

Otalgia (earache), pus

39
Q

How to treat middle ear infection

A

Myringotomy + antibiotics

40
Q

Sinusitis definition

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the paranasal sinuses

41
Q

Bacterial causes of sinusitis

A
  • S. pneumoniae
  • H. influenzae
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Staphylococci (chronic infection)  biofilm, bad if its MRSA, possible bacteriophage therapy.

Medical Bacteriology (10 decks)

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