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Skin bone joint infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main pathogens that cause SSSIs?

A

S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

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2
Q

SSSI meanign

A

Skin/skin structure infection

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3
Q

What does virulence factors does S. aureus have?

A

Coagulase
Hyaluronidsase
Catalse
Protein A
Haemolysins
Lipase
Protease
Staphylokinase

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4
Q

What does virulence factors does Strep. pyogenes have?

A

Capsule
Adhesins
Anti-opsonic factors
Streptolysin O/S
Hyaluronidase
Streptokinase

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5
Q

What is coagulase used for by bacteria

A

Forming blood clots

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6
Q

Why is catalse a virulence factor?

A

Allows neutralisation of ROSs e.g H2O2

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7
Q

What is protein A (s.aureus)

A

Binds to the Fc region of immunoglobulins (IgG), enabling the bacteria to evade the host’s immune system and impair phagocytosis.

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8
Q

Why are haemolysins virulence factors?

A

Lyse RBCs

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9
Q

Streptolysin function (O and S)

A

cell damage

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10
Q

Hyaluronidase function in bacteria

A

Degrade hyaluronan which partly makes up connective tissue

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11
Q

Streptokinase function

A

Thrombolytic agent, meaning it dissolves blood clots by activating plasminogen and converting it into plasmin, which then breaks down fibrin clots

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12
Q

Staphylokinase function

A

Activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which digests fibrin clots

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13
Q

Give 5 reasons why the skin is inhospitable to microbes

A

Dry
Constant shedding
Low pH
Sebaceous secretions
Competition with resident microbiota

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14
Q

Direct introduction of microbe into the epithelium leads to formation of what lesion

A

Papilloma

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15
Q

Pathway of arriving circulating micorbes/toxins (this heavily differs)

A

Macule (flat, red) –> Papule (raised, red), vesicle (small blister) –> ulcer (epithelium rupture)

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16
Q

Define folliculitis + 2 causes

A

Superficial infection of hair follicle. Caused by S. aureus or Ps. Aeruginosa (hot tub folliculitis).

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17
Q

Define furuncle/boil

A

Deep folliculitis, involves single follice

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18
Q

Define carbuncle

A

Collection of furuncles with are connected subcutaneously, lesion extends into subcutaneous fat. (Can’t just give antibiotic, need to debride)

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19
Q

Define impetigo + causative agents

A

Superficial skin infection, highly infectious. Caused by Group A streptococci/ S. aureus. Disruption of corneal layer  access to sub corneal keratinocytes.

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20
Q

Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome is mostly in what age group

A

6 and below

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21
Q

Causative agent of Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome

A

S. aureus elaborating exfloliative exotoxin

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22
Q

Why is mortality rate of Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome higher in adults

A

Due to higher surface area

23
Q

Define erysipelas and cause

A

Superficial form of cellulitis, bright red lesion on the face or lower extremities. Caused by Group A streptococci. Confined.

24
Q

Define cellulitis anc causes

A

Rapidly spreading infection of skin and underlying tissues (subcutaneous fat). Group A strep like S. aureus, P. aeruginosa anaerobes (Fournier’s gangrene or otherwise called necrotising fasciitis of the perineum). Can lead to sepsis

25
Q

What bacterium usually caused infection of surgical wounds

A

S. arueus, MRSA

26
Q

What does necrotising fascitis affect and what causes it

A

Soft tissues, superficial and then deep fascia, Group A strep

27
Q

Gangrene affects what tissues

A

Deep dissues

28
Q

What causes gangrene

A

Clostridium spp. and other anerobes

29
Q

Are gangrene infections often polymicrobial

30
Q

What organism caused gas gangrene

A

C. perfigens

31
Q

What toxin does gas gangrene produce

A

Produces alpha toxin a phospholipase

32
Q

Antrhax cause, morphology of bacterium and where spores are found

A

Caused by B. anthracis, Gram+ve sporing bacillus. Spores are found in soil, animal hides, bone meal and fleeces.

33
Q

Cutaneous anthrax sypmtoms

A

Central necrosis and black eschar

34
Q

What are rickettsial infections caused by?

A

Rickettsia spp.

35
Q

Are Rickettsia spp. obligate and or intracellular

A

Obligate and intracellular

36
Q

What are Rickettsia spp. transmitted by

A

Fleas, ticks, mice, lice

37
Q

Epidermic typhus is caused by what bacterium and symptoms, and vector

A

Caused by R. prowazekii. Skin rash resembling of a typhoid, transmitted by Pediculus corporis (body louse).

38
Q

What bacterium causes endemic typhus

39
Q

What bacterium causes scrub typhus

A

Orienta tsutsugamushi (rickettsial)

40
Q

What causes rocky mountain spotted fecer (bacteria)

A

Rickettsia rickettsi

41
Q

What are Rickettsial diseases associated with

A

Overcrowding and insanitary conds

42
Q

What bacterium causes Q fever, plus drinking what puts you at a higher risk of contracting it

A

Coxiella burnteii, unpasteurised milk

43
Q

Bacteria in cat/dog bite infections

A
  • Pasturella multocida infection
  • Capnocytophaga canimorus
44
Q

Bacteria in rat bites

A
  • Spirillum minus
  • Streptobacillus moniliformis
45
Q

Bacteria in human bites

A
  • Oral commensal microbiota
  • Eikenella corrodens
46
Q

What is lyme disease caused by (Lyme borreliosis) (bacteria)

A

Borrelia burgforferi

47
Q

What shape is B. burgoderferi

A

Spirochete

48
Q

What is B. burgoderferi transmitted by into humans

A

Ixodes tick

49
Q

Symptoms of lime disease

A
  • Fever
  • Muscle pain
  • Headache
  • Target shaped rash
50
Q

Define osteomyelitis

A

Infection of bone can be caused by haematogenous seeding or direct inoculation (trauma, surgery).

51
Q

Causative organisms of osteomyelitis

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci
  • Salmonella enterica
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • N. gonorrhoeae
  • S. pyogenes (rheumatic fever)
52
Q

What organism causes rheumatic fever

A

S. pyogenes

53
Q

What pathogens cause infections of the oral cavity

A

HSV, oral thrush, syphilitic lesions and AIDS-associated lesions.

Medical Bacteriology (10 decks)

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