UroPath

Question 1

Common causes of cystitis

Answer 1

E. coli;
Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Strep. faecalis.
>85% G- bacilli

Question 2

Three types of bladder tumour

Answer 2

1. Transitional cell (urothelial):
   90% are this. Men 50-80, smoking, exposure to aromatic amines.
   
   2. Squamous cell carcinoma:
      Endemic urinary schistosomiasis.
   3. Adenocarcinoma:
      Rare - extensive GI metaplasia or urachal remnants.

Question 3

Benign prostatic hyperplasia - mediator and Tx

Answer 3

Mediated by dihydrotestosterone.

Tx: TURP, 5alpha reductase inhibitors.

Question 4

What is the Gleason system for?

Answer 4

Grading prostate cancer

Question 5

Test for prostate cancer

Answer 5

PSA over 4 ng/mL

Question 6

Where and how does prostate cancer spread?

Answer 6

Locally to bladder, haematogenously to bone.

Question 7

Causes of acute bacterial prostatitis

Answer 7

E. coli;

Other G- rods, enterococci, staph.

Question 8

Chronic prostatitis: difference between bacterial and abacterial

Answer 8

Bacterial has Hx of recurrent UTIs.

Question 9

Testicular seminoma

Answer 9

Most common germinal (and germinals are 95%).
Peak age 30s.
Radiosensitive.

Question 10

Testicular teratoma

Answer 10

Any age. Malignant when post-pubertal.
Chemosensitive.
Markers: AFP, HCG, LDH.