Urology: Other

Question 1

What is liquefaction time? [1]

How long should it normally take in men? []

Answer 1

Time taken for semen to liquify after ejacilation

Semen should liquefy within 20 to 30 minutes of ejaculation

Question 2

Why may an increased liquify time be problematic? [1]

Answer 2

If too high, it means the sperm may be unable to make the jump to the cervix. It can be caused by infection and dehydration.

Question 3

Name and explain which organ is responsible for liquefaction [2]

Answer 3

Prostate as it secretes a milky white fluid which contains prostate specific antigen (PSA). PSA is responsible for liquefaction

Question 4

Label the abnormality pictured in A [1]

Answer 4

Bell clapper: (horizontal testes that lie high in scrotum),

Question 5

Describe the presentation of testicular torsion

Answer 5

• bell clapper’ position
• sudden-onset, sharp, severe, unilateral testicular pain
• absent cremasteric reflex
• negative Prehn’s sign (pain that is unrelieved by elevating the affected testis)
• swollen, tender and erythematous scrotal skin, may also be seen on examination.

Question 6

Name a significant cause squamous cell carcinoma in developing world? [1]

Answer 6

schistosomiasis infection”
- Chronic bladder inflammation arising from schistosomiasis infection remains a common cause of squamous cell carcinomas in countries where the disease is endemic.

schistosomiasis: SSC

Question 7

What is the classic triad of renal cell carcinoma? [3]

Answer 7

classic triad of renal cell carcinoma:

Haematuria
Loin pain
Loin mass