Urology Flashcards
The most specific palpation sign of prostate cancer is: A) enlarged, pasta like B) cartilage hard C) enlarged, painful D) enlarged, painless
B) cartilage hard
EXPLANATION
A typical palpation found in prostate cancer is a insensitive hard noudule, or a an insensitive, stony uneven surfaced prostate. Acute prostatitis is associated with high fever, a highly sensitive, enlarged prostate. In the case of BPH, we can palpate a glandular or muscular, painless, enlarged prostate,
Why do we not see pus cells in the urine which was proved to be pus positive with KOH test?
A) the urine is alkaline
B) besides the pus cells, there are also bacterial cells too
C) the urine is acidic
D) there are crystals in the urine
A) the urine is alkaline
EXPLANATION
In strongly alkaline urine, cellular elements fall apart, so no white blood cells can be seen under a microscope.
The normal serum creatinine level is: A) 60-120 micromol/liter B) 6-12 micromol/ liter C) 6-120 microgramm/ liter D) 60-120 milligram / liter
A) 60-120 micromol/liter
EXPLANATION
The normal creatinine level is 60-120 μmol / l.
Charrière = A) 0,5 mm B) 3 mm C) 1 mm D) 0,33 mm
D) 0,33 mm
EXPLANATIONCharrière (Ch) is the outer diameter of the catheters; 1 Ch = 0.33 mm.
Inflammations with fever: 1) acute pyelonephritis 2) acute prostatitis 3) acute epididymitis 4) acute cystitis A) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct B) the 1st and 3rd answers are correct C) the 2nd and 4th answers are correct D) only the 4th answer is correct E) all of the answers are correct
A) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
EXPLANATIONOnly urological organs having parenchyma can cause fever, so acute cystitis does not.
Ultrasound
1) is better than intravenous urography to detect kidney tumors
2) is better than intravenous urography to detect urothelial tumor
3) is better than CT to detect prostate diseases
4) in the urological ultrasound examinations the 15000-20000 Mhz frequency is used
A) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
B) the 1st and 3rd answers are correct
C) the 2nd and 4th answers are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) all of the answers are correct
B) the 1st and 3rd answers are correct
EXPLANATION
Intravenous urography shows the urinary system, which is more informative than US in urothelial tumors. To detect changes in parenchyma (kidney tumor), US is much better. TRUS is considerably cheaper than CT but provides less information about the prostate. Urological transducers have a frequency of 3 to 7 MHz.
The chloride level can be high :
1) in kidney failure
2) after ureterosigmoideostomy
3) because of increased intake of sodium hydrogencarbonate from soda pops
4) in hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
A) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
B) the 1st and 3rd answers are correct
C) the 2nd and 4th answers are correct
D) only the 4th answer is correct
E) all of the answers are correct
C) the 2nd and 4th answers are correct
EXPLANATION
Ureterosigmoideostomy is followed by hyperchloraemic acidosis (see URO-71). Laboratory abnormalities in renal failure: hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, acidosis.
Invasive bladder tumor treatment options: 1) Mitomycin, Epirubicin 2) radical cystectomy 3) local chemotherapy 4) resection of bladder wall A) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct B) the 1st and 3rd answers are correct C) the 2nd and 4th answers are correct D) only the 4th answer is correct E) all of the answers are correct
C) the 2nd and 4th answers are correct
EXPLANATION
Local chemotherapy is only suitable for the prevention of tumor recurrences after surgical treatment of superficial bladder tumors. The treatment of invasive bladder tumors involves radical cystectomy, bladder wall resection and TUR, possibly with radiotherapy or chemotherapy (adjuvant, neoadjuvant therapy). For palliative use, TUR, radiation or chemotherapy is most commonly used, although in some cases cystectomy can be performed.
Cause of acute anuria: 1) fungal infections 2) methyl alcohol 3) ethylene glycol 4) sodium hydroxide A) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct B) the 1st and 3rd answers are correct C) the 2nd and 4th answers are correct D) only the 4th answer is correct E) all of the answers are correct
A) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd answers are correct
EXPLANATION Ethylene glycol (antifreeze liquid), certain mushroom poisoning and methyl alcohol may cause acute renal anuria based on nephrotoxicity.
Cause of pain associated with posture or movement can be:
1) rheumatic disease
2) vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
3) kidney stone stuck in the ureter
4) nephroptosis
5) spinal disc herniation
A) the 1st, 3rd and 5th answers are correct
B) the 1st, 4th and 5th answers are correct
C) the 2nd, 3rd and 4th answers are correct
D) the 2nd, 4th and 5th answers are correct
B) the 1st, 4th and 5th answers are correct
EXPLANATION
Body movement related pain is mainly caused by diseases affecting the parts of the musculoskeletal system, for example rheumatoid arthritis, disc herniation. Renal ptosis can cause a pain observed when standing (because of renal occlusion) . Laying down relieves the pain. Kidney stones stuck in the urinary tract can cause continuous colic. Vesicoureteral reflux causes renal pain while urination.
Pair the andrological abnormalities with the letter signed clinical references!
A) erectile dysfunction
B) infertility
C) male menopause
D) retrograde ejaculation
URO - 51 - It can caused by varicocele
URO - 52 - It appears as a frequent complication after TUR (transurethral resection) surgery.
URO - 53 - It can caused by beta blockers.
URO - 54 - One way of the treatment can be a vacuum constriction device
URO - 51 - It can caused by varicocele - B)
URO - 52 - It appears as a frequent complication after TUR (transurethral resection) surgery. - D)
URO - 53 - It can caused by beta blockers. - A)
URO - 54 - One way of the treatment can be a vacuum constriction device
If the urine flows through the small intestine constant bacteruria will be detected, so patients will have hyperchloremic acidosis.
A) both the statement and the explanation are true and a causal relationship exists between them;
B) both the statement and the explanation are true but there is no causal relationship between them;
C) the statement is true, but the explanation is false;
D) the statement is false, but the explanation itself is true
E) both the statement and the explanation are false
D) the statement is false, but the explanation itself is true
EXPLANATION
In the case of small bowel bladder replacement - if secondary superficial infection has not occurred - urine is not bacteriuretic. After bladder replacement with intestinal segregation, hyperchloraemic acidosis is always present. This is due to the fact that chloride and ammonium ion are absorbed from the intestine and due to the protons that are removed from the ammonium ion in the liver, the pH level of the blood is shifted in the acidic direction.
Renal colic is a relative contraindication to IVP, because no filtration appears in the kidneys during the colic period.
A) both the statement and the explanation are true and a causal relationship exists between them;
B) both the statement and the explanation are true but there is no causal relationship between them;
C) the statement is true, but the explanation is false;
D) the statement is false, but the explanation itself is true
E) both the statement and the explanation are false
A) both the statement and the explanation are true and a causal relationship exists between them;
EXPLANATION
During renal colic, the affected kidneys are obstructed, so a reduced degree of contrast agent will be visible. Thus, the IVP test performed at that time will not be valuable.
