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Paedriatrics > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

What does paediatric urology cover?

A

Kidneys
Bladder
Testes
Penile abnormalities

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2
Q

What are systemic presentations of urological problems?

A 
Fever
Vomiting
Failure to thrive
Anaemia
Hypertension
Renal failure
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3
Q

What are local presentations of urological problems?

A 
Pain
Changes in urine
Abnormal voiding
Mass
Visible abnormalities
Incidental
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4
Q

What are antenatal presentations of urological problems?

A

Asymptomatic

Permits immediate postnatal assessment

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5
Q

What type of hernia is common in paediatric urology?

A

A groin swelling

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6
Q

What sex is most likely to have a hernia?

A

Male

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7
Q

What type of hernia is more common?

A

Indirect

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8
Q

When is there increased risk of a hernia?

A

Prematurity

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9
Q

What is the management of hernias in <1yrs?

A

Urgent referral

Repair

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10
Q

What is the management of hernias in >1yrs?

A

Electrical referral and repair

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11
Q

What is the management of an incarcerated hernia?

A

Reduce and repair on same admission

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12
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

Scrotal swelling, fluid collects in thin sheath surrounding testicle

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13
Q

What are the signs of a hydrocele?

A

Painless
Increases with crying, straining, evening
Blueish colour

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14
Q

What is the management of a hydrocele?

A

Conservative until 5yrs

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15
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Any testis that cannot be manipulated into bottom half of scrotum

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16
Q

What are the types of cryptorchidism?

A

True
Retractile
Ectopic
(Ascending testis)

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17
Q

What are testes in scrotum?

A

Temperature control

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18
Q

What are risk factors for cryptorchidism?

A

Prematurity
Low birth weight
FHx

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19
Q

What is orchidopexy?

A

Surgery to move the testicles into the correct position inside the scrotum

20
Q

What are indications for orchidopexy?

A 
Fertility
Malignancy
Trauma
Torsion
Cosmetic
21
Q

What are the types of indications for circumcision?

A

Absolute

Relative

22
Q

What is an absolute indication for circumcision?

A

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)

23
Q

What is Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)?

A

Type of lichen schlerosus of the male genitalia is a common cause of acquired phimosis

24
Q

What are relative indications for circumcision?

A

Balanoprosthitis
Religious
UTI

25
Q

What is balanoprosthitis?

A

Inflammation of foreskin and glans

26
Q

What are the disadvantages of circumcision?

A

Painful

Complications: bleeding, mental stenosis, fistula, cosmetic

27
Q

What is an acute scrotum?

A

New onset pain, swelling, and/or tenderness of the intrascrotal contents

28
Q

What are differentials for acute scrotum?

A

Torsion testis
Torsion appendix testis
Epididymitis
Trauma, haematocele, incarcerated inguinal hernia

29
Q

Why investigate possible UTI?

A

Prevent: renal scarring, reflux nephropathy, chronic renal failure and hypertension

30
Q

Which age group in particular do you investigate for UTI?

A

<6mo, atypical, recurrent

31
Q

When is UTI significant in pads?

A

Pure growth bacteria >10^5
Pyruia
Systemic upset: fever, vomiting

32
Q

What is the assessment for UTI?

A

History/exam (FHx, bowel habit, voiding dysfunction)
US: number, size, position, shape, hydronephrosis
Renography: MAG3 and DMSA
Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG)

33
Q

What are the imaging techniques for UTI?

A

US
Renography: MAG3 and DMSA
Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG)

34
Q

What can be checked on a MAG3 for UTI?

A

Drainage, function, reflux

35
Q

What can be checked on DMSA for UTI?

A

Function, scarring

36
Q

What are the grades of VUR?

A

Grade 1-5

37
Q

What is the management of

A

Conservation: voiding advice, constipation advice, fluids
Antibiotic prophylaxis (trimethoprim)
STING (mild/moderate with symptoms)
Ureteric preimplantation

38
Q

What is VUR

A

Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is when the flow of urine goes the wrong way.

39
Q

What is STING in VUR?

A

Deflux® is a sugar-based medicine (a polysaccharide) used to treat VUR. It is injected through the cystoscope at the site of the VUR, where the ureters open into the bladder.
A Deflux® injection prevents urine from flowing back up the ureters from the bladder. If infected urine flows into the kidneys, it may cause pyelonephritis (infection of the kidney) which can damage them.

40
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Congenital condition in males in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis (ventral aspect)

41
Q

What are the classifications of hypospadias?

A

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

42
Q

What is main type of hypospadias?

A

Anterior (50%)

43
Q

What is the management of hypospadias?

A

One stage or 2 stages procedure

44
Q

What is an associated anomaly of hypospadias?

A

Intersex (ambiguous genitlia)

45
Q

What is the investigation if severe hypospadias?

A

US

Paedriatrics (19 decks)

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