Urology

Question 1

What does paediatric urology cover?

Answer 1

Kidneys
Bladder
Testes
Penile abnormalities

Question 2

What are systemic presentations of urological problems?

Answer 2

Fever
Vomiting
Failure to thrive
Anaemia
Hypertension
Renal failure

Question 3

What are local presentations of urological problems?

Answer 3

Pain
Changes in urine
Abnormal voiding
Mass
Visible abnormalities
Incidental

Question 4

What are antenatal presentations of urological problems?

Answer 4

Asymptomatic

Permits immediate postnatal assessment

Question 5

What type of hernia is common in paediatric urology?

Answer 5

A groin swelling

Question 6

What sex is most likely to have a hernia?

Answer 6

Male

Question 7

What type of hernia is more common?

Answer 7

Indirect

Question 8

When is there increased risk of a hernia?

Answer 8

Prematurity

Question 9

What is the management of hernias in <1yrs?

Answer 9

Urgent referral

Repair

Question 10

What is the management of hernias in >1yrs?

Answer 10

Electrical referral and repair

Question 11

What is the management of an incarcerated hernia?

Answer 11

Reduce and repair on same admission

Question 12

What is a hydrocele?

Answer 12

Scrotal swelling, fluid collects in thin sheath surrounding testicle

Question 13

What are the signs of a hydrocele?

Answer 13

Painless
Increases with crying, straining, evening
Blueish colour

Question 14

What is the management of a hydrocele?

Answer 14

Conservative until 5yrs

Question 15

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 15

Any testis that cannot be manipulated into bottom half of scrotum

Question 16

What are the types of cryptorchidism?

Answer 16

True
Retractile
Ectopic
(Ascending testis)

Question 17

What are testes in scrotum?

Answer 17

Temperature control

Question 18

What are risk factors for cryptorchidism?

Answer 18

Prematurity
Low birth weight
FHx

Question 19

What is orchidopexy?

Answer 19

Surgery to move the testicles into the correct position inside the scrotum

Question 20

What are indications for orchidopexy?

Answer 20

Fertility
Malignancy
Trauma
Torsion
Cosmetic

Question 21

What are the types of indications for circumcision?

Answer 21

Absolute

Relative

Question 22

What is an absolute indication for circumcision?

Answer 22

Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)

Question 23

What is Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO)?

Answer 23

Type of lichen schlerosus of the male genitalia is a common cause of acquired phimosis

Question 24

What are relative indications for circumcision?

Answer 24

Balanoprosthitis
Religious
UTI

Question 25

What is balanoprosthitis?

Answer 25

Inflammation of foreskin and glans

Question 26

What are the disadvantages of circumcision?

Answer 26

Painful

Complications: bleeding, mental stenosis, fistula, cosmetic

Question 27

What is an acute scrotum?

Answer 27

New onset pain, swelling, and/or tenderness of the intrascrotal contents

Question 28

What are differentials for acute scrotum?

Answer 28

Torsion testis
Torsion appendix testis
Epididymitis
Trauma, haematocele, incarcerated inguinal hernia

Question 29

Why investigate possible UTI?

Answer 29

Prevent: renal scarring, reflux nephropathy, chronic renal failure and hypertension

Question 30

Which age group in particular do you investigate for UTI?

Answer 30

<6mo, atypical, recurrent

Question 31

When is UTI significant in pads?

Answer 31

Pure growth bacteria >10^5
Pyruia
Systemic upset: fever, vomiting

Question 32

What is the assessment for UTI?

Answer 32

History/exam (FHx, bowel habit, voiding dysfunction)
US: number, size, position, shape, hydronephrosis
Renography: MAG3 and DMSA
Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG)

Question 33

What are the imaging techniques for UTI?

Answer 33

US
Renography: MAG3 and DMSA
Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG)

Question 34

What can be checked on a MAG3 for UTI?

Answer 34

Drainage, function, reflux

Question 35

What can be checked on DMSA for UTI?

Answer 35

Function, scarring

Question 36

What are the grades of VUR?

Answer 36

Grade 1-5

Question 37

What is the management of

Answer 37

Conservation: voiding advice, constipation advice, fluids
Antibiotic prophylaxis (trimethoprim)
STING (mild/moderate with symptoms)
Ureteric preimplantation

Question 38

What is VUR

Answer 38

Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is when the flow of urine goes the wrong way.

Question 39

What is STING in VUR?

Answer 39

Deflux® is a sugar-based medicine (a polysaccharide) used to treat VUR. It is injected through the cystoscope at the site of the VUR, where the ureters open into the bladder.
A Deflux® injection prevents urine from flowing back up the ureters from the bladder. If infected urine flows into the kidneys, it may cause pyelonephritis (infection of the kidney) which can damage them.

Question 40

What is hypospadias?

Answer 40

Congenital condition in males in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis (ventral aspect)

Question 41

What are the classifications of hypospadias?

Answer 41

Anterior
Middle
Posterior

Question 42

What is main type of hypospadias?

Answer 42

Anterior (50%)

Question 43

What is the management of hypospadias?

Answer 43

One stage or 2 stages procedure

Question 44

What is an associated anomaly of hypospadias?

Answer 44

Intersex (ambiguous genitlia)

Question 45

What is the investigation if severe hypospadias?

Answer 45

US