Oncology Flashcards
What are the features of cancer?
Abnormal cells dividing incontrolled way Gene changes Stimulate own blood supply Local invasion Metastatic spread via blood/lymphatics
What are the most common paediatric malignancies?
Leukaemias
Brain tumours
- Extracranial solid tumours
Lymphomas
What is the classification for childhood cancers?
International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC)
Which age group is most likely to get childhood cancer?
0-4yrs
What is the aetiology of childhood cancers?
Genes
Environment: radiation/infection
Iatrogenic: chemo/radiotherapy
What symptoms merit immediate referral?
Unexplained petechiae
Hepatosplenomegaly
What symptoms merit urgent referral?
Repeat attendance, same problem, no clear diagnosis
New neurological symptoms, abdominal mass
What symptoms merit referral?
Rest pain, back pain, unexplained lump
What are symptoms of brain tumours in under 5s?
Persistent/recurrent vomiting Abnormal balance/walking/coordination Abnormal eye movements Behaviour change, letheragy Fits or seizures (no fever) Abnormal head position
What are symptoms of brain tumours in 5-11yrs?
Persistent/recurrent vomiting Persistent/recurrent headache Abnormal balance/walking/coordination Abnormal eye movements Blurred or double vision Behaviour change Fits or seizures Abnormal head position
What are symptoms of brain tumours in young people (12-18)?
Persistent/recurrent vomiting Persistent/recurrent headaches Abnormal eye movements Blurred or double vision Abnormal balance/walking/coordination Behaviour change Fits or seizures Delayed or arrested puberty
What investigations can be done?
Scans
Biopsy/pathology
Tumour markers
What are the acute risks of chemotherapy?
Hair loss N&V Mucositis Diarrhoea/constipation Bone marrow suppression: anaemia, bleeding, infection
What are the chronic risks of chemotherapy?
Organ impairment
Reduced fertility
Second cancer
What are the acute risks of radiotherapy?
Lethargy
Skin irritation
Swelling
Organ inflammation