Urology Flashcards
Define Phimosis
Prepuce (foreskin) cannot be fully retracted in adults
Define paraphimosis
Constriction of the glans penis by the retracted prepuce
What are risk factors for penile cancer?
Phimosis and HPV 16/18
Name 3 causes of acute scrotal pain
Testicular torsion, epididymitis, orchitis, trauma, ureteric calculi
What is the presentation for testicular torsion?
<30 years old, sudden pain, unilateral, tender to touch
What is the presentation for epididymo-orchitis?
Wide age range, unilateral, gradual onset. Recent history of UTI, catheter or unprotected intercourse
What is Fournier’s Gangrene?
necrotic area of scrotal skin, very high mortality rate
What are the 2 key questions for scrotal lumps?
Is it painful? How quickly has it appeared?
Name 3 scrotal lumps that are not tender
Testes tumour, epididymal cyst, hydrocele and reducible inguino-scrotal hernia
Name 3 scrotal lumps that are tender
Epididymitis, epididymo-orchitis and strangulated inguino-scrotal hernia
Name 3 testes tumour markers
aFP, hCG and LDH
What age is testicular tumour most common?
<45 years
What is the presentation of a hydrocele?
slow/sudden onset, uni/bilateral. Testes not palpable separately, can usually “get above “ and trans-illuminates
What is the presentation of a varicocele?
dull ache at the end of the day, left more common than right, not tender
Define urinary retention
inability to pass urine
What is the assumed diagnosis for older men with nocturnal enuresis?
chronic retention with overflow incontinence until proven otherwise
What are the 2 types of polyuria?
global and nocturnal
What lifestyle factors can be addressed for BPH?
reduce caffeine intake, avoid fizzy drinks and drink no more than 2.5L per day
What are the 2 main classes of drug to treat BPH?
alpha blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
What surgery is done for BPH?
Transurethral resection of prostate
