Urology Flashcards
BPH
benign increase in size of prostate
inner (transitional) zone enlarges
BPH Px
LUTS
Storage
- frequency
- urgency, urgency incontinence
- nocturia
SHIPP
- straining
- hesitancy
- incomplete emptying
- poor / intermittent stream
- post-micturition dribbling
- also overflow incontinence
- enlarged bladder on abdo exam
- UTI sx, bladder stone
BPH Ix
- urine dip
- DRE - smooth, enlarged
- U/E
- urinary freq/vol chart
- transrectal US - not routine
- PSA
- International Prostate Symptom Score
- US / CT / cystoscopy
- post-void bladder scan
- urodynamic studies if dx unsure
BPH Mx
- avoid caffeine, alcohol
Medical
- tamsulosin
- finasteride
- consider tolterodine / darifenacin
Surgical
- transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)
- transurethral incision of prostate (TUIP)
- Transurethral electrovaporisation of prostate (TEVAP/TUVP)
- Holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP)
- Open prostatectomy
BPH indications for surgery
RUSHES
- Retention
- UTIs
- Stones
- Haematuria
- Elevated creatinine due to bladder outlet obstruction (BOO)
- Sx deterioration
LUTS Ix
- bladder diary
- post-void bladder scan
- urinalysis
- DRE
- urinary freq/vol chart
- IPSS
- bloods
- urodynamic studies
- cystoscopy / US / CT
LUTS Mx
Voiding sx
- pelvic flood muscle training, bladder training
- tamsulosin / finasteride
Overactive bladder
- bladder retraining
- oxybutynin, tolterodine, darifenacin
- mirabegron
Nocturia
- furosemide in late afternoon
- desmopressin may help
Prostatitis
inflammation of prostate
E coli most commonly
RFs
recent UTI, intermittent catheterisation, recent biopsy
Prostatitis Px
- pelvic pain, genital pain
- LUTS
- fever, rigors, N+V
- sexual dysfunction
- pain with bowel movts
- inguinal lymphadenopathy
Prostatitis Ix
- DRE - tender, boggy
- STI screen
- urine dip, MC+S
- FBC, blood cultures
- National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Sx index
Prostatitis Mx
Acute
- 14d ciprofloxacin
- admit if unwell
Chronic
- tamsulosin, analgesia
Prostate cancer
growth of peripheral zone of prostate - adenocarcinoma
RFs
- older, FHx, black ethnicity, tall, anabolic steroids
Prostate cancer Px
- asym
- LUTS
- haematuria
- erectile dysfunction
- wt loss, bone pain, cauda equina
Prostrate cancer Ix
- PSA - 50-69yo refer if PSA >3 OR abnormal DRE
- DRE - firm, craggy, irregular
- multiparametric MRI
- Biopsy - transrectal / transperineal - Gleason Grading for severity
- isotope bone scan
- CT / MRI for mets
- TNM staging
Prostate cancer Mx
- surveillance / W+W
- external beam radiotherapy
- brachytherapy
Hormone therapy
- androgen-receptor blockers - bicalutamide
- GnRH agonists - goserelin, leuprorelin (Prostap)
- chemo
- radical prostatectomy
Bladder cancer - definition and RFx
cancer of urothelium of bladder (endothelium) - transitional cell carcinoma
RFs
- smoking
- hydrocarbon exposure - 2-naphthylamine
- Schistosomiasis causing chronic bladder inflammation
Bladder cancer Px
- painless, macroscopic haematuria
- LUTS
- wt loss, bone pain etc
Bladder cancer Ix
2ww if
- >45yo, unexplained visible haematuria
- >60yo, microscopic haematuria + dysuria / raised WCC
- non urgent referral if >60yo, recurrent unexplained UTIs
- cystoscopy, biopsy (flexible then rigid)
- CT / MRI / PET
Bladder cancer Mx
- TURBT - transurethral resection of bladder tumour
- intravesical chemo
- BCG vaccine
- radical cystectomy (+ urostomy + ileal conduit)
- chemo / radio
Renal cell carcinoma (& RFx)
- adenocarcinoma of kidney - from PCT, majority clear cell type
- Wilms tumour in paeds
Paraneoplastic
- polycythaemia - EPO
- hypercalcaemia - PTH mimic
- HTN - renin
- Stauffers syndrome
RFs
- smoking, obesity, HTN, ESRF, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau, industrial exposure, dialysis
RCC Px
- asym
- haematuria
- loin pain
- wt loss, fatigue, anorexia, night sweats
- renal mass
- PUO
- varicocele
RCC Ix
- FBC, U/E, LFTs, bone profile, PTH
- urinalysis, cytology
- US kidney
- CXR - cannonball mets
- CT chest, abdo, pelvis
- ?biopsy
RCC Mx
- nephrectomy - partial / radical
- arterial embolisation
- percutaneous cryotherapy
- radiofrequency ablation
- chemo / radio
- biological tx
Testicular cancer (& RFx)
commonly germ cells (produce gametes)
Mets to lymphatics, lungs, liver, brain
RFs
- undescended, infertility, FHx, taller
Testicular cancer Px
- lump +/- pain
- hard, irregular
- non-fluctuant
- no transillumination
- gynaecomastia - Leydig cell tumour
Testicular cancer Ix
- scrotal US
- Tumour markers - alpha-fetoprotein, bhCG, LDH
- staging CT
- Royal Marsden staging
Testicular cancer Mx
- radical orchidectomy
- chemo / radio
- sperm banking
Epididymo-orchitis (& causes)
infection of epididymis +/- testes
Causes
- genital tract - chlamydia, gonorrhoea
- bladder - E coli
- mumps
Epididymo- orchitis Px
- unilateral testicular pain + swelling
- dragging
- tender on palpation
- urethral discharge
- fever, LUTS
- Prehn’s positive - elevation of scrotum eases pain
Epididymo-orchitis Ix
- STI screen - first pass urine, charcoal swab of discharge
- MSU - dip + MC+S
- saliva swab / serum ABs - mumps
- ?US testes
Epididymo-orchitis Mx
- GUM referral
Organism unknown
- ceftriaxone 1g IM + doxycycline 100mg oral BD 10-14d
Enteric organism likely
- ofloxacin / co-amox
Testicular torsion (& RFx)
twisting of spermatic cord –> testicular ischaemia / necrosis in 4-6hrs
RFs
- FHx, undescended, age
- often sports related
Testicular torsion Px
- severe, sudden onset pain
- referred lower abdo pain
- N+V
- loss of cremasteric reflex
- Prehn’s sign negative
- horizontal testicular lie
- rotation - epididymis not in normal position
Testicular torsion Ix
- clinical dx
- USS - whirlpool sign
- urine dip - r/o infection
Testicular torsion Mx
- NBM
- analgesia
- surgical exploration - for dx
- orchidopexy
- orchidectomy - if necrosis
Hydrocele (& causes)
- collection of fluid within tunica vaginalis that surrounds testes
- communicating - patent processus vaginalis
- non-communicating - excessive fluid production
Causes
- idiopathic, cancer, torsion, epididymo-orchitis, trauma
Hydrocele Px
- painless
- soft scrotal swelling
- fluctuant
- testicle palpable within hydrocele
- irreducible, no bowel sounds
- transilluminates
Hydrocele Ix
- US
Hydrocele Mx
- conservative
- surgery / aspiration
Varicocele (& causes)
- swelling of veins in pampiniform plexus
Causes
- incompetent valves
- L>R - drains into L renal vein - higher resistance
- RCC - left
Varicocele Px
- throbbing, dull pain, worse standing
- dragging sensation
- sub/infertility
- bag of worms scrotal mass, worse standing
- red flags - acute onset, R side, remains whilst flat -> urology referral
Varicocele Ix
- US
- semen analysis - fertility
- hormone tests - FSH, test - if concern about function
Varicocele Mx
- conservative
- surgery / endovascular embolisation if painful / testicular atrophy / infertility
Epididymal cyst
- fluid filled cyst at head of epididymis
- PKD, CF, von Hippel Lindau associations
Epididymal cyst Px
- asym
- soft, round lump
- at top of testicle
- transilluminates
- can get above lump
Epididymal cyst Ix
US
Epididymal cyst Mx
- conservative
- surgical removal - if pain / discomfort
Scrotal lumps DDx
hydrocele
varicocele
epididymal cyst
testicular cancer
epididymo-orchitis
inguinal hernia
testicular torsion
Renal stones: definition and pathophysiology
stones form in renal pelvis, get stuck in ureters
obstruction -> AKI
infection -> obstructive pyelonephritis
get stuck at - PUJ, pelvic brim, VUJ
Types
- calcium oxalate
- Uric acid,
- Struvite
- Cystine
Risk factors for renal stones
- dehydration
- hypercalciuria, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcaemia
- cystinuria
- high dietary oxalate
- renal tubular acidosis
- medullary sponge kidney, PKD
- gout
- drugs - loop diuretics, steroids, acetazolamide, theophylline