Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Urinary Tract Year 3 > Urolithiasis > Flashcards

Urolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

Can you have uroliths without crystals?

A

Yes. You can have either without the other and even have crystals of one type and uroliths of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Do you get clinical signs from crystals?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s the clinical name for bladder stones?

A

Cystoliths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s the clinical name for Kidney stones?

A

Nephroliths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s the clinical name for Urethra stones?

A

Urethroliths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are uroliths formed?

A

Crystals form when urine is supersaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the start of the process of stone forming called?

A

Nucleation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the body protect itself against stone formation?

A

There are precipitate inhibitors in urine that prevent precipitation and therefore allow the excretion of calcium oxalate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the common symptoms of cystoliths?

A

dysuria, pollakiuria, haematuria, and inappropriate urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the common symptoms of urethroliths?

A

Abdominal discomfort, poor or no urine stream, licking of genital area, azotaemia, and enlarged painful bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can radiographs aid you in diagnosis?

A

You can see uroliths and whether they show up radiolucent or radio- opaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is quantitative or qualitative analysis more useful in diagnosing stone type?

A

Quantitative but takes a few weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 5 main treatment options for renal stones?

A

Surgical removal, Urinary bipass, lithotripsy, dietary dissolution or benign neglect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

Use of shock waves to break up stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why might you choose benign neglect?

A

If the stone isn’t causing clinical signs then it can be left. Especially if it is in the kidney as the surgery is very invasive and cause loss of renal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s the most common stone found in the kidney?

A

Calcium oxolate

17
Q

What are the main treatment options for bladder stones?

A

Medical dissolution, voiding urohydropropulsion, surgery

18
Q

What are the main treatment options for urethra stones?

A

Retrograde flush into bladder or surgery

19
Q

How would you go about returning a urethral stone to the bladder?

A

Anesthetize patient, push catheter in till just before stone. Have assistant insert finger rectally and block stone. Then flush fluid into space, walls of urethra should stretch. When you let go of stone it should flush back into bladder

20
Q

What stone formations are more amenable to dissolution?

A

Struvite, cystine and urate

21
Q

How do you perform urohydropulstion?

A

Fill bladder with saline.
Position so urethra is vertical.
agitate.
initiate voiding under high pressure and repeat if necessary

22
Q

What after treatment is required after urohydropulsion treatment?

A

3 days of antobiotics

23
Q

What are struvite stones strongly associated with in dogs?

A

UTI

24
Q

What Urine PH will you see in an animal with a struvite stone?

A

alkaline

25
Q

How would you treat a struvite stone?

A

Change diet to reduce PH of urine and increase fluid intake

26
Q

How would treatment differ between a dog and a cat?

A

A dog would need constant antibiotics, the entire time of treatment

27
Q

Are diets any use in prevention of struvite stones?

A

Not really, especially in dogs as the main cause of struvite stones are bacterial infections and diet has no effect on this

28
Q

What unwanted effect can struvite preventative diets have?

A

They can make the urine acidic which actually encourages the formation of calcium oxalate stones

29
Q

What’s the second most common stone in dogs?

A

calcium oxalate

30
Q

What sex is more predisposed to calcium oxolate crystals in the dog?

A

Male

31
Q

What’s the one dietary change that actually helps animals with calcium oxalate stones?

A

Increased water intake

32
Q

What breed of dog are ammonium urate stones most common in?

A

Dalmations

33
Q

How can you manage ammonium urate stones?

A

Reduce protein available in the diet but also drugs are available

34
Q

How can allopurinol help ammonium urate stones?

A

Competetively inhibits x.oxidase, reducing uric acid but this can result in xanthine stores if protein not restricted

35
Q

Whats the main cause of cystine stones?

A

renal tubular defect in which excess cystine enters urine

36
Q

What preventative treatment can be taken for cystine stones?

A

castration in male dogs

37
Q

What are the two surgical options?

A

Open the viscus and remove the calculi or provide urine diversion

38
Q

What should you place before bladder surgery?

A

a urinary catheter

39
Q

What 2 layers do you have to cut through to gain access to the bladder?

A

detrusor muscle layer and urothelial layer

Urinary Tract Year 3 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions