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Embryology Final Exam > Urogenital system I & II > Flashcards

Urogenital system I & II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sets of kidney systems?

A

pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros

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2
Q

Mesonephric kidney

A

functional between 5-10th week

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3
Q

mesonephric tubules

A

in males some persist as efferent ductules of testes

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4
Q

mesonephric duct

A

in males - persist as ductus (vas) deferens and epididymis

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5
Q

Metanephric kidney

A

forms adult functional kidneys, begins functioning at end of 9th week, develops early 5th week

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6
Q

Which two structures does the metanephric kidney develop from?

A

ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm

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7
Q

Ureteric bud forms

A

ureter, renal pelvis; branches within metanephric mesoderm forms: major & minor calyces, collecting ducts (tubules)

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8
Q

Collecting ducts induce metanephric mesoderm to form

A

metanephric vesicles and metanephric tubules

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9
Q

Metanephric vesicles and metanephric tubules develop into

A

bowmans’ capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending and ascending limbs of henle’s loop, distal convoluted tubule

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10
Q

All of the structures that come from the metanephric mesoderm create…

A

the urine-forming part of the kidney

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11
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

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12
Q

ascent of kidneys

A

kidneys initially develop in pelvis, ascent to suprarenal glands by 9th week, blood supply changes

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13
Q

polar renal artery

A

compresses the ureter and impairs flow of urine, causes swelling

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14
Q

ectopic kidney

A

kidney located in wrong spot due to failure to ascend to correct position

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15
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

when the two kidneys fuse together and gets hooked on the inferior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

Ureteric bud malformations

A

duplicated ureters (partial or complete) - when there are two duplicated ureters, one will be normal and the other could join at inappropriate spot
supernumerary kidneys - when there are extra kidneys

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17
Q

Renal agenesis

A

results from lack of formation of ureteric bud or disrupted interaction with metanephric mesoderm. Unilateral - compatible with life & bilateral - incompatible with life

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18
Q

development of suprarenal (adrenal) glands

A

the fetal adrenal cortex develops within mesoderm of the urogenital ridge, neural crest migrate to the adrenal cortex to form adrenal medulla, the cortex engulfs and ultimately encapsulates the entire medulla

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19
Q

formation of bladder and urethra

A

forms from cloaca and urogenital sinus; from endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm

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20
Q

three regions of urogenital sinus

A
  1. Vesicle part - becomes bladder
  2. Pelvic part - becomes urethra in female and part of urethra in male
  3. Phallic part - becomes penile urethra in male and forms space vestibula of vagina in females
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21
Q

allantois

A

becomes urachus, forms median umbilical ligament in humans

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22
Q

trigone of bladder

A

incorporation of mesonephric ducts into posterior bladder

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23
Q

urachal fistula and cysts

A

if uracha fails to become fibrous cord, could cause fistula or cyst

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24
Q

exotrophy of the bladder

A

ventral body wall does not form correctly, mesoderm migration is not sufficient and baby’s can be born with an open bladder.

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25
Q

anorectal malformations

A

urorectal fistula - incomplete partition of the cloaca often occurs with imperforate anus

26
Q

Most of the urogenital system develops from…

A

intermediate mesoderm

27
Q

What do the kidneys develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

28
Q

What do the ureters develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

29
Q

What does the bladder develop from?

A

Urogenital sinus (splanchnic mesoderm, endoderm

30
Q

What does the urethra develop from?

A

Urogenital sinus (endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm, and ectoderm for males)

31
Q

Pronephric kidney

A

rudimentary and transitory, the pronephric tubules degenerate and the pronephric duct contributes to the mesonephric duct

32
Q

Nephron is made up of what structures

A

bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

33
Q

Uriniferous tubule

A

nephron + collecting duct

34
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

autosomal dominant or recessive, also can be acquired from dialysis, cysts form in segments of nephron, causes renal failure in childhood (AR) or in adulthood (AD)

35
Q

which embryonic kidney gives rise to the adult kidney?

A

metanephric kidney

36
Q

The urine collecting portion of the kidney is derived from the

A

uteric bud

37
Q

Prior to the 7th week of development, male and female embryos…

A

are identical in sex

38
Q

Gonads develop from

A

urogenital ridge

39
Q

when do primordial germ cells begin to migrate

A

6th week

40
Q

How do gonads differentiate into male and female gonads?

A

epithelium of gonadal ridge proliferates to form primitive sex cords and primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to developing gland.

41
Q

XY differentiation at 7 weeks

A

Testis determining factor (TDF) present, primitive sex cords become seminiferous (medullary) cords, rete testis, tunica albuginea, leydig cells start producing testosterone, sertoli cells produce mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF), and spermatogonia takes place

42
Q

XX differentiation at 12 weeks

A

No testis determining factor (TDF), cortical cords, primordial follicles, no testosterone, no MIF, oogonia

43
Q

Mesonephric duct derivatives

A

efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts

44
Q

Paramesonephric duct derivatives

A

fallopian tubes, uterus, upper 1/3rd of vagina

45
Q

which tissues give rise to prostate?

A

urogenital sinus endoderm and associated mesenchyme

46
Q

Formation of uterus and vagina

A

contact of paramesonephric duct to pelvic portion of UG sinus induces sinovaginal bulbs (endoderm), solid vaginal plate becomes canalized by 5th month, hymen separates vagina from UG sinus

47
Q

Upper 1/3rd of vagina is from

A

paramesonephric duct (mesoderm)

48
Q

Lower 2/3rd of vagina is from

A

urogenital sinus (endoderm)

49
Q

Epithelium of spongy urethra comes from?

A
  1. Endoderm from phallic portion of urogenital sinus
  2. Surface ectoderm forms glandular plate that canalizes to form distal urethra
50
Q

Hypospadias

A

external urethral orifice on ventral side of penis - results from incomplete fusion of urogenital folds or incomplete canalization of glandular plate

51
Q

Epispadias

A

urethral orifice and tissue is on dorsal side of penis. Associated with exotrophy of bladder.

52
Q

Female pseudohermaphrodism, 46, XX - congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

excessive production of androgens results in masculinzation of external genitalia

53
Q

Male pseudohermaphrodite

A

XY genotype, testis are rudimentary to normal, feminization of external genitalia, reduced production of androgens and mullerian inhibiting factor

54
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (46, XY)

A

a defect in the androgen receptor mechanism leads to resistance to testosterone at the cellular level

55
Q

Turner syndrome 45, X

A

webbed neck, broad chest, widely spaced nipples, short stature, gonadal dysgenesis

56
Q

Descent of testes

A
  1. Gubernaculum extends from testes to floor of scrotum and assists in descent of testes from posterior abdominal wall to scrotum
  2. Processus vaginalis - evagination of peritoneum that passes through inguinal canal. Follows course of gubernaculum into scrotum.
57
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

The most common genital problem encountered by pediatrics, seen in 3-4% of full term male births, up to 30% in preterm male births; most spontaneously descent by the 1st year

58
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia

A

processus vaginalis remains in open communication with peritoneal cavity

59
Q

Hydrocele

A

fluid accumulation in tunica vaginalis

60
Q

A bicornuate uterus was diagnosed in a 20 year old patient who had been referred to a gynecologist on account of several miscarriages. This uterine anomaly results from:

A

a defect of the paramesonephric ducts

Embryology Final Exam (5 decks)

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