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Embryology Final Exam > Urogenital system I & II > Flashcards

Urogenital system I & II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sets of kidney systems?

A

pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros

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2
Q

Mesonephric kidney

A

functional between 5-10th week

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3
Q

mesonephric tubules

A

in males some persist as efferent ductules of testes

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4
Q

mesonephric duct

A

in males - persist as ductus (vas) deferens and epididymis

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5
Q

Metanephric kidney

A

forms adult functional kidneys, begins functioning at end of 9th week, develops early 5th week

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6
Q

Which two structures does the metanephric kidney develop from?

A

ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm

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7
Q

Ureteric bud forms

A

ureter, renal pelvis; branches within metanephric mesoderm forms: major & minor calyces, collecting ducts (tubules)

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8
Q

Collecting ducts induce metanephric mesoderm to form

A

metanephric vesicles and metanephric tubules

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9
Q

Metanephric vesicles and metanephric tubules develop into

A

bowmans’ capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending and ascending limbs of henle’s loop, distal convoluted tubule

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10
Q

All of the structures that come from the metanephric mesoderm create…

A

the urine-forming part of the kidney

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11
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

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12
Q

ascent of kidneys

A

kidneys initially develop in pelvis, ascent to suprarenal glands by 9th week, blood supply changes

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13
Q

polar renal artery

A

compresses the ureter and impairs flow of urine, causes swelling

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14
Q

ectopic kidney

A

kidney located in wrong spot due to failure to ascend to correct position

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15
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

when the two kidneys fuse together and gets hooked on the inferior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

Ureteric bud malformations

A

duplicated ureters (partial or complete) - when there are two duplicated ureters, one will be normal and the other could join at inappropriate spot
supernumerary kidneys - when there are extra kidneys

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17
Q

Renal agenesis

A

results from lack of formation of ureteric bud or disrupted interaction with metanephric mesoderm. Unilateral - compatible with life & bilateral - incompatible with life

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18
Q

development of suprarenal (adrenal) glands

A

the fetal adrenal cortex develops within mesoderm of the urogenital ridge, neural crest migrate to the adrenal cortex to form adrenal medulla, the cortex engulfs and ultimately encapsulates the entire medulla

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19
Q

formation of bladder and urethra

A

forms from cloaca and urogenital sinus; from endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm

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20
Q

three regions of urogenital sinus

A
  1. Vesicle part - becomes bladder
  2. Pelvic part - becomes urethra in female and part of urethra in male
  3. Phallic part - becomes penile urethra in male and forms space vestibula of vagina in females
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21
Q

allantois

A

becomes urachus, forms median umbilical ligament in humans

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22
Q

trigone of bladder

A

incorporation of mesonephric ducts into posterior bladder

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23
Q

urachal fistula and cysts

A

if uracha fails to become fibrous cord, could cause fistula or cyst

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24
Q

exotrophy of the bladder

A

ventral body wall does not form correctly, mesoderm migration is not sufficient and baby’s can be born with an open bladder.

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25
anorectal malformations
urorectal fistula - incomplete partition of the cloaca often occurs with imperforate anus
26
Most of the urogenital system develops from...
intermediate mesoderm
27
What do the kidneys develop from?
Intermediate mesoderm
28
What do the ureters develop from?
Intermediate mesoderm
29
What does the bladder develop from?
Urogenital sinus (splanchnic mesoderm, endoderm
30
What does the urethra develop from?
Urogenital sinus (endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm, and ectoderm for males)
31
Pronephric kidney
rudimentary and transitory, the pronephric tubules degenerate and the pronephric duct contributes to the mesonephric duct
32
Nephron is made up of what structures
bowman's capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
33
Uriniferous tubule
nephron + collecting duct
34
Polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant or recessive, also can be acquired from dialysis, cysts form in segments of nephron, causes renal failure in childhood (AR) or in adulthood (AD)
35
which embryonic kidney gives rise to the adult kidney?
metanephric kidney
36
The urine collecting portion of the kidney is derived from the
uteric bud
37
Prior to the 7th week of development, male and female embryos...
are identical in sex
38
Gonads develop from
urogenital ridge
39
when do primordial germ cells begin to migrate
6th week
40
How do gonads differentiate into male and female gonads?
epithelium of gonadal ridge proliferates to form primitive sex cords and primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to developing gland.
41
XY differentiation at 7 weeks
Testis determining factor (TDF) present, primitive sex cords become seminiferous (medullary) cords, rete testis, tunica albuginea, leydig cells start producing testosterone, sertoli cells produce mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF), and spermatogonia takes place
42
XX differentiation at 12 weeks
No testis determining factor (TDF), cortical cords, primordial follicles, no testosterone, no MIF, oogonia
43
Mesonephric duct derivatives
efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts
44
Paramesonephric duct derivatives
fallopian tubes, uterus, upper 1/3rd of vagina
45
which tissues give rise to prostate?
urogenital sinus endoderm and associated mesenchyme
46
Formation of uterus and vagina
contact of paramesonephric duct to pelvic portion of UG sinus induces sinovaginal bulbs (endoderm), solid vaginal plate becomes canalized by 5th month, hymen separates vagina from UG sinus
47
Upper 1/3rd of vagina is from
paramesonephric duct (mesoderm)
48
Lower 2/3rd of vagina is from
urogenital sinus (endoderm)
49
Epithelium of spongy urethra comes from?
1. Endoderm from phallic portion of urogenital sinus 2. Surface ectoderm forms glandular plate that canalizes to form distal urethra
50
Hypospadias
external urethral orifice on ventral side of penis - results from incomplete fusion of urogenital folds or incomplete canalization of glandular plate
51
Epispadias
urethral orifice and tissue is on dorsal side of penis. Associated with exotrophy of bladder.
52
Female pseudohermaphrodism, 46, XX - congenital adrenal hyperplasia
excessive production of androgens results in masculinzation of external genitalia
53
Male pseudohermaphrodite
XY genotype, testis are rudimentary to normal, feminization of external genitalia, reduced production of androgens and mullerian inhibiting factor
54
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (46, XY)
a defect in the androgen receptor mechanism leads to resistance to testosterone at the cellular level
55
Turner syndrome 45, X
webbed neck, broad chest, widely spaced nipples, short stature, gonadal dysgenesis
56
Descent of testes
1. Gubernaculum extends from testes to floor of scrotum and assists in descent of testes from posterior abdominal wall to scrotum 2. Processus vaginalis - evagination of peritoneum that passes through inguinal canal. Follows course of gubernaculum into scrotum.
57
Cryptorchidism
The most common genital problem encountered by pediatrics, seen in 3-4% of full term male births, up to 30% in preterm male births; most spontaneously descent by the 1st year
58
Indirect inguinal hernia
processus vaginalis remains in open communication with peritoneal cavity
59
Hydrocele
fluid accumulation in tunica vaginalis
60
A bicornuate uterus was diagnosed in a 20 year old patient who had been referred to a gynecologist on account of several miscarriages. This uterine anomaly results from:
a defect of the paramesonephric ducts

Embryology Final Exam (5 decks)

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