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Embryology Final Exam > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI tract include?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallblader, and pancreas

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2
Q

What makes up the small intestine?

A

duodenum, illeum, joujenum

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3
Q

The gut tube is created by ____ ____ in week 4

A

body folding

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4
Q

what is the gut tube lined with?

A

endoderm and splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm (splanchnopleure)

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5
Q

Parietal cells of the somatic lateral plate mesoderm become mesothelial and form the

A

parietal layer of the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

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6
Q

Epithelium of the gut and the parenchyma of glands associated with the digestive tract are derived from…

A

endoderm

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7
Q

Muscular walls of the digestive tract and connective tissues are derived from…

A

visceral mesoderm

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8
Q

connective tissue of digestive tract

A

lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia, and/or serosa

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9
Q

Foregut stretches from

A

oropharyngeal membrane to liver outgrowth

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10
Q

Midgut stretches from

A

liver outgrowth to junction of right 2/3 and left 1/3 transverse colon

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11
Q

Hindgut stretches from

A

left 1/3 transverse colon to cloacal membrane

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12
Q

Foregut blood supply

A

celiac artery

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13
Q

foregut adult derivatives

A

pharynx, respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, proximal half of duodenum, liver, biliary apparatus, and pancreas

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14
Q

midgut blood supply

A

superior mesenteric artery

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15
Q

Hindgut blood supply

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

Anterior 2/3 of oral cavity derived from

A

stomodeum

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17
Q

Posterior 1/3 of oral cavity derived from

A

foregut

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18
Q

anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of oral cavity are separated by

A

oropharyngeal membrane

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19
Q

Respiratory diverticulum - timeline and formation

A

4 weeks - forms on ventral wall of foregut

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20
Q

Tracheoesophageal septum

A

partitions the diverticulum into respiratory primordium and esophagus

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21
Q

Tracheoesophageal folds

A

come together to form the tracheoesophageal septum

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22
Q

Esophageal atresia & tracheoesophageal fistula

A

results if the tracheoesophageal septum is deviated posteriorly. This causes incomplete separation of the esophagus from the laryngotracheal tube and results in a concurrent tracheoesophageal fistula.

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23
Q

Esophageal atresias can happen… (2 ways)

A

spontaneous or mechanical. Spontaneous - genetic abnormality, mechanical - they were pressing up against each other

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24
Q

Symptoms of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula

A

maternal polyhydramnios (EA), absence/small stomach bubble on prenatal ultrasound (EA); copius, fine, white frothy bubbles of mucus in the mouth and nose (EA); coughing, choking

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25
Congenital esophageal stenosis
narrowing of the esophageal lumen, most frequent in the distal third of esophagus....
26
What causes congenital esophageal stenosis
incomplete esophageal recanalization....
27
Development of the stomach
dilation in the foregut by 4th week, dorsal part grows faster than ventral part. Stomach rotates 90 degrees clockwise.
28
Rotation of stomach
left - ventral; right - dorsal. Cranial region moves left and inferior, caudal region moves right and superior.
29
Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
More common in males, thickening of the smooth muscle in the pylorus that narrows the region. Food is unable to pass into the duodenum. Symptoms include projectile vomiting, weight loss, hunger
30
Stomach is attached to the dorsal and ventral body wall by a....
dorsal and ventral mesogastrium respectively. Disproportionate growth and rotation alter the position of these mesenteries.
31
Hepatic diverticulum (liver bud)
forms liver and hepatic duct
32
cystic diverticulum
forms gallblader and cystic duct
33
The stalk connecting hepatic and cystic ducts to the duodenum becomes the
bile duct
34
The liver grows
ventrally into the ventral mesentary
35
Ventral pancreatic bud forms
main pancreatic duct, uncinate process and inferior portion of head of the pancreas
36
Dorsal pancreatic bud forms
superior head of pancreas, body and tail of pancreas, accessory pancreatic duct
37
The proximal portion of duodenum to bile duct is derived from
foregut
38
Distal portions of duodenum to bile duct is derived from
midgut
39
Duodenal stenosis
incomplete recanalization of duodenum
40
duodenal atresia
no recanalization
41
symptoms of duodenal stenosis
variable - recurrent vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulceration
42
symptoms of duodenal atresia
maternal polyhydramnios, bile containing vomitus, distended stomach
43
Adult derivatives of midgut
distal duodenum, jejenum, ileum, yolk stalk, cecum w/ appendix, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 transverse colon
44
Cranial (cephalic) portion of midgut adult derivatives
jejunum, proximal ileum
45
Caudal portion of midgut adult derivatives
distal ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon
46
Physiologic umbilical hernia
midgut goes outside of your body (because body is too small) to finish development
47
Rotation of the midgut
6 weeks - midgut herniates into umbilical cord (rotates 90 degrees counter clockwise) 10 weeks - midgut returns to abdominal cavity (rotates 180 degrees counter clockwise)
48
Total rotation of midgut
270 degrees counter clockwise around axis formed by superior mesenteric artery
49
Initially, cecum lies below
right lobe of liver but descents into right iliac fossa
50
appendix forms during
descent of cecum
51
Malrotation of midgut can cause
volvulus - can cause obstructions and necrosis
52
What is nonrotation or malrotation of midgut assoc with
abnormal mesenteric attachment
53
Omphalocoel
failure of midgut to return to abdominal cavity, herniated intestines are enclosed in umbilical cord and covered with amnion.
54
Gastroschisis
protrusion of viscera directly into amniotic cavity, occurs lateral to the umbilicus (often found on the right), due to abnormal closure of body wall. viscera is NOT covered by amnion.
55
Ileal (Meckel's) Diveriticulum
Congenital anomaly in 1-2% of population. Caused by incomplete obliteration of vitelline duct (yolk stalk). Diverticulum usually appears as a fingerlike pouch protruding from the ileum. Sometimes attached to umbilicus. Can form vitelline cyst and vitelline fistula.
56
Adult derivatives of hindgut
forms 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, proximal 2/3 of anal canal
57
Cloaca
terminal end of hindgut. Partitioned into urogenital sinus and rectum.
58
Cloacal membrane made of
surface ectoderm and hindgut endoderm
59
what is the cloacal membrane partitioned into
urogenital membrane and anal membrane
60
What is the distal 1/3 of anal canal made of
surface ectoderm of anal membrane
61
pectinate line
demarcates junction between columnar epithelium and stratified squamous epithelium
62
Urorectal fistula with imperforate anus
Imperforate anus: anal membrane fails to break down Urorectal fistula: incomplete partitioning of the hindgut
63
Hirschsprung's disease aka aganglionic megacolon
absence of parasympathetic ganglia in gut wall, caused by failure of neural crest to migrate to walls of intestines, thus causes an absence of peristalsis in affected regions
64
Dorsal and ventral mesenteries
portions of the gut are suspended from the body wall by mesenteries - bilayer of peritoneum that enclose the organ and connect it to the body wall
65
Dorsal mesentery becomes (BIG hITTER becomes most of GI)
greater omentum, mesentery of small intestine, mesoappendix, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon
66
ventral mesentery becomes
67
Omental bursa
lesser sack, behind stomach
68
SAD PUCKER - retroperitoneal structures
Suprarenal glands Aorta and IVC Duodenum Pancreas Ureters Colon Kidneys Esophagus Rectum
69
Intrapertioneal viscera structures

Embryology Final Exam (5 decks)

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