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Embryology Final Exam > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI tract include?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallblader, and pancreas

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2
Q

What makes up the small intestine?

A

duodenum, illeum, joujenum

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3
Q

The gut tube is created by ____ ____ in week 4

A

body folding

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4
Q

what is the gut tube lined with?

A

endoderm and splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm (splanchnopleure)

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5
Q

Parietal cells of the somatic lateral plate mesoderm become mesothelial and form the

A

parietal layer of the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

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6
Q

Epithelium of the gut and the parenchyma of glands associated with the digestive tract are derived from…

A

endoderm

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7
Q

Muscular walls of the digestive tract and connective tissues are derived from…

A

visceral mesoderm

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8
Q

connective tissue of digestive tract

A

lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia, and/or serosa

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9
Q

Foregut stretches from

A

oropharyngeal membrane to liver outgrowth

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10
Q

Midgut stretches from

A

liver outgrowth to junction of right 2/3 and left 1/3 transverse colon

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11
Q

Hindgut stretches from

A

left 1/3 transverse colon to cloacal membrane

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12
Q

Foregut blood supply

A

celiac artery

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13
Q

foregut adult derivatives

A

pharynx, respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, proximal half of duodenum, liver, biliary apparatus, and pancreas

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14
Q

midgut blood supply

A

superior mesenteric artery

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15
Q

Hindgut blood supply

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

Anterior 2/3 of oral cavity derived from

A

stomodeum

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17
Q

Posterior 1/3 of oral cavity derived from

A

foregut

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18
Q

anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of oral cavity are separated by

A

oropharyngeal membrane

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19
Q

Respiratory diverticulum - timeline and formation

A

4 weeks - forms on ventral wall of foregut

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20
Q

Tracheoesophageal septum

A

partitions the diverticulum into respiratory primordium and esophagus

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21
Q

Tracheoesophageal folds

A

come together to form the tracheoesophageal septum

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22
Q

Esophageal atresia & tracheoesophageal fistula

A

results if the tracheoesophageal septum is deviated posteriorly. This causes incomplete separation of the esophagus from the laryngotracheal tube and results in a concurrent tracheoesophageal fistula.

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23
Q

Esophageal atresias can happen… (2 ways)

A

spontaneous or mechanical. Spontaneous - genetic abnormality, mechanical - they were pressing up against each other

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24
Q

Symptoms of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula

A

maternal polyhydramnios (EA), absence/small stomach bubble on prenatal ultrasound (EA); copius, fine, white frothy bubbles of mucus in the mouth and nose (EA); coughing, choking

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25
Q

Congenital esophageal stenosis

A

narrowing of the esophageal lumen, most frequent in the distal third of esophagus….

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26
Q

What causes congenital esophageal stenosis

A

incomplete esophageal recanalization….

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27
Q

Development of the stomach

A

dilation in the foregut by 4th week, dorsal part grows faster than ventral part. Stomach rotates 90 degrees clockwise.

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28
Q

Rotation of stomach

A

left - ventral; right - dorsal. Cranial region moves left and inferior, caudal region moves right and superior.

29
Q

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

More common in males, thickening of the smooth muscle in the pylorus that narrows the region. Food is unable to pass into the duodenum. Symptoms include projectile vomiting, weight loss, hunger

30
Q

Stomach is attached to the dorsal and ventral body wall by a….

A

dorsal and ventral mesogastrium respectively. Disproportionate growth and rotation alter the position of these mesenteries.

31
Q

Hepatic diverticulum (liver bud)

A

forms liver and hepatic duct

32
Q

cystic diverticulum

A

forms gallblader and cystic duct

33
Q

The stalk connecting hepatic and cystic ducts to the duodenum becomes the

A

bile duct

34
Q

The liver grows

A

ventrally into the ventral mesentary

35
Q

Ventral pancreatic bud forms

A

main pancreatic duct, uncinate process and inferior portion of head of the pancreas

36
Q

Dorsal pancreatic bud forms

A

superior head of pancreas, body and tail of pancreas, accessory pancreatic duct

37
Q

The proximal portion of duodenum to bile duct is derived from

A

foregut

38
Q

Distal portions of duodenum to bile duct is derived from

A

midgut

39
Q

Duodenal stenosis

A

incomplete recanalization of duodenum

40
Q

duodenal atresia

A

no recanalization

41
Q

symptoms of duodenal stenosis

A

variable - recurrent vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulceration

42
Q

symptoms of duodenal atresia

A

maternal polyhydramnios, bile containing vomitus, distended stomach

43
Q

Adult derivatives of midgut

A

distal duodenum, jejenum, ileum, yolk stalk, cecum w/ appendix, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 transverse colon

44
Q

Cranial (cephalic) portion of midgut adult derivatives

A

jejunum, proximal ileum

45
Q

Caudal portion of midgut adult derivatives

A

distal ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon

46
Q

Physiologic umbilical hernia

A

midgut goes outside of your body (because body is too small) to finish development

47
Q

Rotation of the midgut

A

6 weeks - midgut herniates into umbilical cord (rotates 90 degrees counter clockwise)
10 weeks - midgut returns to abdominal cavity (rotates 180 degrees counter clockwise)

48
Q

Total rotation of midgut

A

270 degrees counter clockwise around axis formed by superior mesenteric artery

49
Q

Initially, cecum lies below

A

right lobe of liver but descents into right iliac fossa

50
Q

appendix forms during

A

descent of cecum

51
Q

Malrotation of midgut can cause

A

volvulus - can cause obstructions and necrosis

52
Q

What is nonrotation or malrotation of midgut assoc with

A

abnormal mesenteric attachment

53
Q

Omphalocoel

A

failure of midgut to return to abdominal cavity, herniated intestines are enclosed in umbilical cord and covered with amnion.

54
Q

Gastroschisis

A

protrusion of viscera directly into amniotic cavity, occurs lateral to the umbilicus (often found on the right), due to abnormal closure of body wall. viscera is NOT covered by amnion.

55
Q

Ileal (Meckel’s) Diveriticulum

A

Congenital anomaly in 1-2% of population. Caused by incomplete obliteration of vitelline duct (yolk stalk). Diverticulum usually appears as a fingerlike pouch protruding from the ileum. Sometimes attached to umbilicus. Can form vitelline cyst and vitelline fistula.

56
Q

Adult derivatives of hindgut

A

forms 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, proximal 2/3 of anal canal

57
Q

Cloaca

A

terminal end of hindgut. Partitioned into urogenital sinus and rectum.

58
Q

Cloacal membrane made of

A

surface ectoderm and hindgut endoderm

59
Q

what is the cloacal membrane partitioned into

A

urogenital membrane and anal membrane

60
Q

What is the distal 1/3 of anal canal made of

A

surface ectoderm of anal membrane

61
Q

pectinate line

A

demarcates junction between columnar epithelium and stratified squamous epithelium

62
Q

Urorectal fistula with imperforate anus

A

Imperforate anus: anal membrane fails to break down
Urorectal fistula: incomplete partitioning of the hindgut

63
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease aka aganglionic megacolon

A

absence of parasympathetic ganglia in gut wall, caused by failure of neural crest to migrate to walls of intestines, thus causes an absence of peristalsis in affected regions

64
Q

Dorsal and ventral mesenteries

A

portions of the gut are suspended from the body wall by mesenteries - bilayer of peritoneum that enclose the organ and connect it to the body wall

65
Q

Dorsal mesentery becomes (BIG hITTER becomes most of GI)

A

greater omentum, mesentery of small intestine, mesoappendix, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon

66
Q

ventral mesentery becomes

A
67
Q

Omental bursa

A

lesser sack, behind stomach

68
Q

SAD PUCKER - retroperitoneal structures

A

Suprarenal glands
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

69
Q

Intrapertioneal viscera structures

A

Embryology Final Exam (5 decks)

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