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Embryology Final Exam > Spermatogenesis, oogenesis, reproductive cycle and fertilization > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis, oogenesis, reproductive cycle and fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis results in

A

two daughter cells with identifical chromosome number and DNA content as the parental cell

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2
Q

Meiosis results in

A

gametes that have half the chromosomal number and DNA of the parental cell. The full complement of DNA is restored to the zygote through fusion of two gametes during fertilization.

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3
Q

Haploid cell

A

cell with 1 set of chromosomes

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4
Q

diploid cell

A

cell with 2 sets of chromosomes

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5
Q

gamete

A

haploid reproductive cell

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6
Q

zygote

A

diploid cell produced by fusion of an egg and sperm

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7
Q

ploidy

A

the number of copies of each chromosome

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8
Q

n-number

A

the number of copies of each unique DNA molecule

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9
Q

Mitosis steps in order

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

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10
Q

interphase

A

DNA replication, diploid 4N

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11
Q

Prophase

A

condensation of chromatin, appearance of sister chromatids

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12
Q

metaphase

A

sister chromatids align

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13
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate, centromeres divide

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14
Q

telophase and cytokinesis

A

two identical, diploid, daughter cells, diploid 2N

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15
Q

Meiosis steps in order

A

Interphase I, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Interphase II, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

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16
Q

Interphase I

A

DNA replication - Diploid 4N

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17
Q

Prophase I

A

pairing of homologous chromosomes - crossing over can occur

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18
Q

Metaphase I

A

alignment of homologous chromosomes

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19
Q

Anaphase I

A

separation of homologous chromosomes, but NO separation of centromeres

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20
Q

Telophase I

A

2 non-identical daughter cells - haploid 2N

21
Q

Interphase II

A

NO DNA REPLICATION

22
Q

Prophase II

A

double stranded chromosomes condense

23
Q

Metaphase II

A

chromosomes align along the equator

24
Q

anaphase II

A

separation of sister chromatids, division of centromeres

25
Q

Telophase II

A

4 non-identical, haploid daughter cells = gametes - Haploid 1N

26
Q

Nondisjunction

A

can occur in the first or second meiotic division, both chromosomes end up in one cell and none in the other. Produces two gametes with too many chromosomes and two gametes without any chromosomes.

27
Q

Down syndrome clinical features

A

mental retardation, growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities, upward slanting eyes, epicanthal folds, cardiac defects

28
Q

Trisomy 18

A

mental retardation, congenital heart defects, low set ears, micrognathia, skeletal malformations, 85% lost before term

29
Q

Trisomy 13

A

cleft palate, sloping forehead, microphthalmia, polydactyly

30
Q

Normal spermatogenesis

A

occurs at puberty within the testes. Primordial germ cells become spermatogonium (diploid cells with 2N) -> enters meiosis and forms primary spermatocycte -> undergoes first meiotic division and produces 2 haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes (23, X & 23, Y), then undergo second meiotic division and produces 4 haploid spermatids (23X x2, 23Y x2) -> then undergo spermiogenesis to create sperm with motility

31
Q

Oogenesis

A

Primordial germ cells migrate into ovary and become oogonia. Oogonia replicate up until 5th month of fetal life, and then it reaches maximum cell capacity (7 mil). At this point they stop dividing and start degenerating. Oogonia that remain in 7 months of fetal development, meiosis begins for them. They become primary oocytes after first meiosis division. They remain arrested as primary oocytes until puberty, and at ovulation it will undergo secondary meiosis and develop a secondary oocyte and a polar body. Meiosis is only complete if the secondary oocyte is fertilized, which would trigger the second meiotic division.

32
Q

the secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division

A

at fertilization

33
Q

during spermatogenesis, which of the following undergoes a second meiotic division

A

secondary spermatocytes

34
Q

Pituitary hormones…

A

stimulate ovaries, which creates ovarian hormones

35
Q

pituitary hormones

A

FSH, LH

36
Q

Ovarian hormones

A

estrogen, progesterone

37
Q

follicule stimulating hormone

A

stimulates follicle to proliferate, and increased production of estrogen and progesterone

38
Q

The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division

A

at fertilization

39
Q

During spermatogenesis, which of the following undergoes a second meiotic division?

A

secondary spermatocytes

40
Q

How are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovaries, and endometrium interconnected?

A

The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH. FSH stimulates production of the primary follicle -> growing follicle -> mature follicle -> ovulation. LH stimulates production of mature follicle, ovulation, and developing corpus luteum. Growing follicle and mature follicle produce estrogen. Developing corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the endometrium.

41
Q

How is the uterine cycle interrupted by pregnancy?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast produces HCG which maintains the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.

42
Q

where in the uterus does fertilization occur?

A

In the ampulla of the uterine tube

43
Q

Steps of fertilization

A
  1. Penetration of corona radiata
  2. Penetration of zona pellucida
  3. Cortical (zona) rx
  4. Oocyte completes meiosis
  5. Fusion of male and female pronuclei
44
Q

Ways to prevent polyspermy

A

Membrane depolarization (fast block - around 0.1 sec) and cortical granule reaction (slow block - around 10 sec)

45
Q

Steps in IVF

A
  1. Hormonal stimulation of mature oocyte formation resulting in several mature follicles
  2. Collection of oocytes from follicles with aspirator during laproscopy
  3. Placement of oocytes in petri dish with capacitated sperms; in vitro fertilization of oocytes then occurs
  4. Cleavage of zygotes in culture medium until 4- to 8-cell stages are reached
  5. Transfer 2 to 4 cleaving embryos into uterine cavity by way of a catheter inserted through the vagina and cervical canal
46
Q

Animal cloning steps

A
  1. Tissue biopsy from original animal
  2. Cell culture
  3. Somatic cell nuclear transfer
  4. Cloned embryo
  5. Embryo transfer into recipient animal
  6. Clone
47
Q

The success of cloning and the postnatal development of cloned animals is dependent on what?

A

The type of tissue from which the nuclei where obtained.

48
Q

Therapeutic cloning as a method of providing autologous cell transplants

A
  1. somatic cell type is obtained from a patient requiring transplant therapy
  2. Nuclear transfer generates an early embryo genetically identical to the patient, which is then used to obtain embryonic stem cells
  3. Embryonic stem cells are expanded in culture and the cell type required is derived from directed differentiation
49
Q

If multiple sperm cells reach a secondary oocyte…

A

all but the first sperm cell will be blocked from entry into the oocyte

Embryology Final Exam (5 decks)

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