Urogenital System Flashcards
What is the urogenital system?
organs involved in the formation (kidneys) and excretion (bladder) of urine together with those organs involved in male and female reproduction
What are the two parts of the pelvic cavity?
peritoneal and retroperitoneal
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
ilium, ischium, pubis
What are the pouches of the pelvic cavity?
- Para-rectal fossa (by median lig of rectum)
- Recto-genital pouch
- Vesico-genital pouch (genital fold (male) or broad lig. (female))
- Vesico-pubic pouch (lateral lig. of bladder and median lig. of bladder)
What is the pelvic disphragm primarily made up of? What does it do?
primarily made up of muscles - coccygeus m. and levator ani m.
- anchors the rectum
What is the urogenital diaphragm primarily made up of? what does it do?
Made up of fascia
- anchors reproductive tract
What is the perineum?
external portion of pelvic outlet (wall)
What is the perineal area?
region from tail to scrotal or udder attachment - entire vulva
What is the perineal body?
muscles and associated fascia at center of perineum
What is found in the urethral crest (male)?
colliculus seminalis
What ducts open at the colliculus seminalis?
ejaculatory duct and prostatic duct
True or false? Females have a colliculus seminalis.
False, it is only found in males
What are the two main types of penises? What animals generally have each type?
Musculo-cavernous (carnivores like dog, tom cat. but also the stallion)
- erectile tissue
Fibro-elastic (ruminants like bull, ram, buck, boar)
- retractor penis muscle
What are the three main regions of the penis?
root, body and glans
What are the three vascular columns of the penis? (erectile tissue)
- corpus cavernosum (2 crura or roots proximally that converge distally)
- Corpus spongiosum
True or false? Corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum are not found in a fibro-elastic penis
False
What are the three muscles of the penis?
- ischiocavernosus m. (paired and striated)
- Bulbospongiosus m. (single and striated)
- Retractor Penis m. (paired and mostly smooth)
What muscle is associated with the pelvic urethra?
urethralis m. (single and striated)
What is the prepuce?
fold of skin surrounding the glans penis
What important structures are found on either side of the external opening of the penile urethra in the glans penis?
- Urethral sinus
- Fossa glandis
What can be found in the urethral sinus?
a “bean” - pellet of accumulated smegma
What do you swab when checking a stallion for contagious equine metritis (CEM)?
the urethra, fossa glandis, and body of the penis
In what species is the prepuce and prepubital diverticulum found?
boar
What is the prepubital diverticulum?
sacs just before the exit of the penis that excretes a foul smelling substance made up of cell debris, urine, semen, and pheromones.
What is the scrotum? What does it do?
dual-chambered pouch that contains the testes and epididymus.
- protects and supports the testes
What are the layers of the scrotum?
- skin
- tunica dartos m. (smooth)
- Scrotal or spermatic fascia (external and internal)
- Parietal and visceral vaginal tunic
- Tunica albuginea (surrounds testes)
What is the dartos muscle? What is it responsible for?
superficial fascia responsible for the puckering or wrinkling of the scrotum
What does the cremaster m. arise from?
the internal abdominal oblique
What is the functions of the cremaster muscle?
elevates testes
What are the accessory sex glands?
- ampullae
- vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral gland (cowpers)
Where is the ampullae found?
it is the distension at the distal end of ductus deferens
Where are most of the accessory sex glands found?
along the length of the pelvic urethra (not ampullae)
What do the accessory sex glands do?
produce secretions (seminal plasma)
- energy source for sperm
- fascilitate motility
- protection against acid environment of female repro. tract
- cervical plug
Which species has an enlarged bulbourethral gland?
pig
Which species has a disseminate prostate?
sheep
Which species lacks ampullae?
boar, dog, tom cat
Which species lacks vesicular glands?
dog, tom cat
Which species lack a prostate?
none
Which species lack bulbourethral glands?
dogs
What type of uterus do cows, bitches, queens, sows, and mares have?
bicornuate
Which species have highly developed uterine horns?
bitch, queen, sow
What lymph nodes collectively drain the pelvic cavity?
- sacral ln.
- medial iliac ln.
- superficial inguinal ln.
What are the borders of the superficial inguinal ring?
inguinal ligament, and aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique m.
What are the borders of the deep inguinal ring?
lateral border of rectus abdominis m., inguinal ligament, caudal border of the internal abdominal oblique
What structures pass through the inguinal canal in both the male and female?
vaginal process/tunic, external pudendal a./v., genitofemoral n.
What female specific structure(s) pass through the inguinal canal?
round ligament of the uterus
What male specific structure(s) pass through the inguinal canal?
spermatic cord, cremaster muscle
