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Gross Anatomy II > Thoracic Limb Veins, Nerves, and Arteries > Flashcards

Thoracic Limb Veins, Nerves, and Arteries Flashcards

1
Q

What spinal nerves contribute to the individual nerves of the brachial plexus?

A

primary ventral branches of C6-T2 spinal nerves

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2
Q

What are the branches of the axillary artery?

A
  • external thoracic a.
  • Lateral thoracic a.
  • Subscapular a.
  • Cranial circumflex a.
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3
Q

When does the subclavian a. become the Axillary a?

A

after the superficial cervical a. branches off

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4
Q

What are the branches of the subscapular a.?

A
  • thoracodorsal a.

- Caudal circumflex humoral a.

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5
Q

The external thoracic a. may have a common trunk with what?

A

lateral thoracic a. or from the deltoid branch of the superficial

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6
Q

What does the external thoracic a. supply?

A

superficial pectorals

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7
Q

What does the lateral thoracic a. supply?

A
  • latissimus dorsi m.
  • deep pectoral m.
  • cutaneous trunci m.
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8
Q

What does the subscapular a. supply?

A
  • subscapularis
  • scapula
  • part of teres major
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9
Q

What does the thoracodorsal a. supply?

A
  • teres major

- latissimus dorsi

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10
Q

What does the cranial circumflex humoral a. supply?

A
  • cranial aspect of biceps brachii

- shoulder joint capsule

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11
Q

What supplies the shoulder joint capsule?

A

cranial circumflex humoral a.

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12
Q

When does the axillary a. become the brachial a.?

A

after the cranial circumflex humoral a. branches off

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13
Q

What are the branches of the brachial a.?

A
  • deep brachial a.
  • collateral ulnar a.
  • transverse cubital a.
  • common interosseus a.
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14
Q

What does the deep brachial a. supply?

A
  • brachium mm.

- triceps mm.

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15
Q

What does the collateral ulnar a. supply?

A
  • triceps

- caudal elbow area

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16
Q

What does the transverse cubital a. supply?

A
  • cranial elbow and adjacent muscles
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17
Q

When does the brachial a. become the median a.?

A

either when common interosseus branches off or went he deep antebrachial a. branches off.

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18
Q

What branches off of the median a.?

A
  • deep antebrachial a.
  • radial a.
  • superficial palmar arch
  • deep palmar arch
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19
Q

What does the median a. supply?

A
  • principal source of blood to the paw.

- palmar surface of paw

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20
Q

What artery passes through the carpal canal?

A

median a.

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21
Q

What are the nerves of the brachial plexus?

A
  • cranial and caudal pectoral nn.
  • Lateral thoracic n.
  • suprascapular n.
  • subscapular n.
  • musculocutaneous n.
  • axillary n.
  • thoracodorsal n.
  • radial n.
  • median n.
  • ulnar n.
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22
Q

What does the cranial pectoral n. supply?

A

superficial pectoral mm.

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23
Q

What does the caudal pectoral n. supply?

A
  • deep pectoral
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24
Q

What does the lateral thoracic n. supply?

A

cutaneous trunci m.

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25
Q

What does the suprascapular n. supply?

A
  • supraspinatus m.
  • infraspinatus m.
  • glenohumeral joint (stability)
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26
Q

What does the subscapularis n. supply?

A

subscapularis m.

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27
Q

What does the musculocutaneous n. supply?

A
  • coracobrachialis
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis m.
  • cutaneous innervation to medial aspect of antebrachium
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28
Q

What does the musculocutaneous n. have a communicating branch with?

A

median n.

29
Q

What does the axillary n. supply?

A
  • teres major
  • teres minor
  • deltoideus
  • part of subscapularis m.
30
Q

What does the thoracodorsal n. supply?

A

latissimus dorsi

31
Q

What does the radial n. supply?

A

motor to all extensor mm. of the elbow, carpus and digits

  • triceps, tensor fascia antebrachii, anconeus, ECR, CDE, supinator, LDE, and ulnaris lateralis mm.
  • cutaneous innervation to cranial and lateral surface of antebrachium and dorsal surfaces.
32
Q

What nerve, when cut, prevents the thoracic limb from bearing weight?

A

radial n.

33
Q

What are the branches of the radial n.?

A
  • deep and superficial branches.

- lateral cutaneous antebrachii n.

34
Q

What does the median n. supply?

A
  • pronator teres
  • pronator quadratus
  • FCR
  • SDF
  • parts of DDF
  • palmar surface of front paw with ulnar n.
35
Q

What two nerves originate together and split at the level of the brachium in the dog?

A

median and ulnar nn.

36
Q

What does the ulnar n. supply?

A
  • FCU
  • parts of DDF
  • autonomous innervation to lateral surface of metacarpus and 5th digit
37
Q

What nerves run through the carpal canal?

A
  • median n. and ulnar n.
38
Q

What are the important veins of the thoracic limb of the canine?

A
  • cephalic v. and accessory v. (branches off cephalic)
  • median cubital v.
  • brachial v.
39
Q

What are the major differences in arterial blood supply in the horse vs the dog?

A
  • radial artery has a medial palmar metacarpal a. = lateral palmar metacarpal present, but not supplied by the radial a.
  • Palmar br. of median a. joins with collateral ulnar a. to form palmar metacarpal aa. (medial and lateral)
  • medial palmar a. (palmar common digital a. II)
    • Medial palmar digital a. (terminal arch)
    • Lateral palmar digital a. (terminal arch)
40
Q

What are the important veins of the equine thoracic limb?

A
  • cephalic v. -> accessory cephalic v.

- medial and lateral palmar digital vv.

41
Q

What is the principal artery in the metacarpus of the equine?

A

palmar common digital artery II

42
Q

What is the principal artery and vein in the metacarpus of the bovine?

A
  • palmar common digital artery III (continuation of median artery)
  • Dorsal common digital vein III ( drains to accessory cephalic v. via dorsal metacarpal vein III)
43
Q

What are the nerves of the brachial plexus?

A
  • axillary n.
  • Suprascapular n.
  • Radial n.
  • Musculocutaneous n.
  • Ulnar n.
  • Median n.
44
Q

What branches from the radial n. that provides sensory innervation of the cranial antebrachium to the level of the carpus?

A

lateral cutaneous antebrachial n.

45
Q

What does the medial cutaneous antebrachial n. supply in the horse?

A

cutaneous innervation only to medial thoracic limb

up to fetlock joint, can palpate over the lacertus fibrosus

46
Q

What does the ulnar n. innervate in the horse?

A

bifurcates just above carpus, supplies cutaneous innervation to the brachium and caudal aspect of the antebrachium

47
Q

What joins with the lateral branch of the median n. to form the lateral palmar n.?

A

palmar branch of ulnar n.

48
Q

What doe the medial palmar n. (palmar common digital n. II) give off at the level of the fetlock?

A

dorsal branch then continues as medial palmar digital n.

49
Q

What does the medial palmar nerve innervate in the horse?

A

Innervates the palmar part of the fetlock joint capsule.

50
Q

What does the median palmar digital n. innervate in the horse?

A

Innervates skin and deep structures on the palmar aspect of the pastern (including the palmar pouch of the pastern joint and deep digital flexor tendon) and structures located in most of the hoof, including the coffin joint.

51
Q

What does the dorsal branch of the medial palmar digital n. innervate in the horse?

A

Innervates most of the skin of the fetlock, the dorsal part of the pastern (including the dorsal pouch of the pastern joint), dorsal aspect of the coronary band and dorsal laminae of the foot.

52
Q

What does the lateral palmar nerve (palmar common digital nerve III) give off at the level of the fetlock?

A

a dorsal branch, then continues as lateral palmar digital n.

53
Q

What does the lateral palmar nerve (palmar common digital nerve III) innervate in the horse?

A

Innervates the palmar part of the fetlock joint capsule. Passes through the carpal canal,

54
Q

What joins the lateral palmar nerve before entering the carpus?

A

palmar branch of ulnar n. joins before entering the carpus.

55
Q

What is the deep branch of lateral palmar nerve (equine)?

A

found at level of the carpus and dives deep with close association with metacarpal bones

56
Q

Where are the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves and what do they innervate?

A

Found in close association with axial surface of splint bone (2nd metacarpal).
- Innervates the entire fetlock joint capsule and part of the cutaneous area on the dorsal aspect of the fetlock and pastern.

57
Q

What does the lateral palmar digital nerve innervate?

A

Innervates skin and deep structures on the palmar aspect of the pastern (including the palmar pouch of the pastern joint and deep digital flexor tendon) and structures located in most of the hoof, including the coffin joint.

58
Q

What does the dorsal branch of the lateral palmar digital nerve innervate?

A

Innervates most of the skin of the fetlock, the dorsal part of the pastern (including the dorsal pouch of the pastern joint), dorsal aspect of the coronary band and dorsal laminae of the foot.

59
Q

What is the communicating branch found between and at what level?

A

between medial and lateral palmar nn. At the level of the mid- metacarpal bone.

60
Q

What lymph nodes are important to remember?

A
  • axillary ln.

- cubital ln.

61
Q

What ligament is important to remember and why?

A

ligament of the ergot - because its often confused with the vessels and nerves in the area.

62
Q

What does the palmar digital nerve block target and what does it desensitize?

A

targets the palmar aspect of the neurovascular bundle (medial and lateral palmar digital nerves) just proximal to the palpable ungual cartilage of the digit. This block, if administered correctly, desensitizes the entire sole, the navicular apparatus and soft tissues of the heel, the entire distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint) of the forelimb, and the digital portion of the deep digital flexor tendon.

63
Q

What does the pastern semi-ring block target and what does it desensitize?

A

desensitizes the dorsal branches of the palmar digital nerves, targeting the sides and dorsum of the pastern area. A horse that goes sound after this block, following a palmar digital block will often have lameness associated with the pastern joint.

64
Q

What does the abaxial sesamoid nerve block target and what does it desensitize?

A

the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones. The medial and lateral palmar digital nerves and their dorsal branches are included in this block. This block will desensitize the foot, middle phalanx, proximal interphalangeal joint, distopalmar aspects of the proximal phalanx, distal portion of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, distal sesamoid ligaments, and digital annular ligament.

65
Q

What does the low palmar nerve block (low four point block) target and what does it desensitize?

A

targets the medial and lateral palmar nerves and the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves. The location for this block is at the level of the distal end of the second and fourth metacarpal bones. With this block, the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons distal to this location are desensitized, as are the distal aspect of the suspensory apparatus.

66
Q

What does the high pastern nerve block (high four point block) target and what does it desensitize?

A

targets the medial and lateral palmar nerves and the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves just distal to the carpometacarpal joint. This desensitizes the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, second and fourth metacarpal bones (splint bones), their interosseous ligaments, and the proximal portion of the suspensory ligament.

67
Q

where arethe median, medial cutaneous antebrachial, and ulnar nerves targeted and why?

A

can be targeted at the level of the elbow joint, similar to small animals. This block is often done to desensitize the distal aspect of the thoracic limb for surgical purposes, but can be used for diagnostic purposes as well.

68
Q

Where is the lateral palmar nerve block target and what does it desensitize?

A

at the level of the middle carpal joint. These nerves are targeted before its deep branches innervate the suspensory ligament and the proximal aspect of the second and fourth metacarpal bones, therefor desensitizing these structures.

Gross Anatomy II (5 decks)

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