Urogenital System Flashcards
is the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations
Osmoregulation
It is the process of removing nitrogenous
metabolites and other waster products.
Excretion
It is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
If two solutions have the same osmolarity, it is said to be
isosmotic
When two solutions differ in osmolarity, the one with the greater concentration of solutes is said to be
hyperosmotic
the one with lesser solutes is said to be
hypoosmotic
organisms that maintain its internal fluid isoosmotic with its surroundings (only marine animals).
Osmoconformer
organisms that expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment.
Osmoregulator
Adaptation that allows aquatic invertebrates to lose almost all of its body water and survive in dormant state. It is also referred as “life without water”
anhydrobiosis
What is a major regulatory problem for terrestrial/land animals, posing a potential threat
Dehydration
It helps terrestrial animals prevent dehydration
body coverings
Forms of nitrogenous waste
Ammonia, Urea, Uric acid
What animal usually secretes ammonia as its waste
Most aquatic animals and fishes
It is carried to the kidneys, concentrated
and excreted with a minimal loss of water
Urea
It is nontoxic and largely insoluble in
water and can be excreted as a semisolid
paste with very little water loss.
Uric acid
pressure-filtering of body fluids producing a filtrate
Filtration
reclaiming valuable solutes from the filtrate
Reabsorption
addition of toxins & other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate
Secretion
the filtrate leaves the system
Excretion
Is a network of dead-end tubules, lacking
internal openings, connected to external
openings. Usually found in flatworms
protonephridium
Consist of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion.
Metanephridia
The organ found in insects and other terrestrial arthropods that removes nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and also function in osmoregulation
Malpighian Tubules
Main excretory organ of vertebrates. Function in both excretion and osmoregulation. Ensure that the blood contains the right amount of minerals, like potassium and sodium
Kidney
Shape of the mammalian kidney
Bean-shaped
Two distinct regions of kidney
Renal cortex and Renal medulla
Functioning unit of the kidney
Nephron
Consist of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus (filters
the blood ) which is surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule.
Nephron
Main filtering unit of kidney
Glomerulus
Composes 80% of the nephrons. Have reduced loops of Henle and are almost entirely confined to the renal cortex
Cortical Nephrons
Composes 20% of the nephrons having well-developed loops that extend deeply into the renal
medulla.
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Only these species have Juxtamedullary nephrons; the nephrons of other vertebrates lack Loop of Henle
Mammals and birds
It enable mammals to produce urine that is
hyperosmotic to body fluids, conserving
water
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Each nephron is supplied with blood by an
Afferent nephrons
It forms when the capillaries converge as they leave the glomerulus
Efferent nephrons
Vessels that subdivide again that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules
Peritubular capillaries
It forms when additional capillaries extend downward
vasa recta
Schema of the process of urine formation
Renal corpuscle –> Proximal tubule –> Loop of Henle –> Distal Tube –> Collecting duct
It is where urine formation begins and filters the blood
Renal Corpuscle
What is the Renal Corpuscle composed of
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
Filtration occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman’s capsule, by the process called
glomerular filtration
Among all vertebrates, the Loop of Henle is mostly present in them
Mammals and some birds
Where is Epinephrine and Norepinephrine produced
Adrenal Medulla
Where is Renin produced
Kidney
Where is Angiotensin produced
Liver
Where is Aldosterone produced
Adrenal Cortex
Where is Anti-diuretic hormone produced
Hypothalamus (stored in posterior pituitary)
Where is Atrial natriuretic peptide produced
Heart atrium
Can decrease kidney function temporarily by vasoconstriction
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Increase blood pressure by acting on angiotensinogen
Renin
Affects multiple processes and increases blood pressure
Angiotensin
Prevents loss of sodium and water
Aldosterone
Prevents water loss
Anti-diuretic hormone (Vasopressin)
Other name for Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Vasopressin, Arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin
Decreases blood pressure by acting as a vasodilator and increasing glomerular filtration rate; decreases sodium reabsorption in kidneys
Atrial natriuretic peptide
In the hypothalamus monitor the osmolarity of the blood and regulate release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
Osmoreceptor Cells
