Reproductive System Flashcards
it is the process by which an organism replicate
themselves
Reproduction
it is the progressive changes in size, shape, and function by which its genetic potentials are translated into functioning mature systems
Development
The generation of new individuals without the
fusion of egg and sperm.
Asexual
In most asexual animals, reproduction relies
entirely on
Mitotic cell division
The formation of offspring by the fusion of
haploid gametes to form a diploid
Sexual reproduction
The female gamete is the unfertilized
egg or ovum while the male gamete is the
sperm
Zygote
Animals can reproduce asexually through
- Fission
- Budding
- Fragmentation
- Parthenogenesis
It occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms and in some invertebrate, multicelled organisms
Fission
It occurs commonly in some invertebrate animals such as Hydra and corals in which new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones
(parent’s body).
Budding
It occurs in many sea stars, sponges, cnidarians, polychaete annelids, and tunicate. The breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent regeneration (the regrowth of lost body parts).
Fragmentation
It occurs in certain species of bees, wasps, ants, water fleas, rotifers, aphids, and stick insects. An egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be
either haploid or diploid
Parthenogenesis
the condition of having both male and female reproductive organs
Hemaphroditism
An individual reverses its sex during its lifetime
Sequential Hemaphroditism
What reproduction happens when the conditions are favorable
Asexual reproduction
What reproduction occurs during environmental stress
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction starts with the combination
(union) of a sperm and an egg in a process called
Fertilization
2 Benefits of courtship among animals
- It allows mate selection
- Increases the probability of successful
fertilization by triggering the release of both
sperm and eggs.
It occurs most often in landbased animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method
Internal Fertilization
What do least complex reproductive system lack
Gonads
What do complex reproductive system contain
set of accessory tubes and glands
What do internal reproductive organs consists of
pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers
what is the role of ducts and chambers
conduct the gametes and house the embryo and fetus
What are the female gonads
Ovaries
Follicles produce the primary female sex
hormones
Estrogen
It extends from the uterus toward each ovary
Fallopian tube or Oviduct
Together with wavelike contractions of the
oviduct, the cilia convey the egg down the
duct to the
Uterus or Womb
It is a thick, muscular organ that can expand during pregnancy to accommodate a 4-kg fetus
Uterus
The inner lining of the uterus and is richly supplied with blood vessels. It is shed during menstrual period
Endometrium
This is the thick middle muscle layer of the corpus or fundus. It expands during pregnancy
Myometrium
The outer serous layer of the uterus. It secretes a
lubricating fluid that helps to reduce friction.
Perimetrium
It is a muscular but elastic chamber that is the site for insertion of the penis and deposition of sperm during copulation
Vagina
It is a collective term for the external female
Vulva
It is a pair of thick, fatty ridges that encloses and protects the rest of the vulva
Labia Majora or Outer lip
The vaginal opening and the separate opening of the urethra are located within a cavity bordered by a pair of slender skin folds
Labia Minora or Inner lip
It is a thin piece of tissue that partly covers the vaginal opening in humans at birth, and usually until sexual intercourse or vigorous physical activity ruptures it.
Hymen
It is located at the upper intersection of the labia minora, consists of a short shaft supporting a rounded glans, or head, covered by a small hood of skin, the prepuce.
Clitoris
It is present in both sexes but normally produce milk only in females
Mammary glands
Male’s external reproductive organ
Scrotum and penis
Internal parts of the reproductive organ of male
Gonads, Accessory glands, Ducts
It produces both sperm and reproductive hormones
Gonads
It secretes products essential to sperm movement
Accessory glands
It carries the sperm and glandular secretions
Ducts
It consist of many highly coiled tubes surrounded by several layers of connective tissue
Male gonads or testes
Tubes where the sperm forms
Seminiferous tubules
It is scattered between the seminiferous tubules,
produce testosterone and other androgens
Leydig cells
It is where the sperm pass into the coiled tubules of the
Epididymis
The action where the sperm is propelled to the vas deferens
Ejaculation
It runs from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder
Vas deferens
It drains both the excretory and reproductive systems.
Urethra
Three set of male accessory gland
Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, and Bulbourethral glands
A pair of seminal vesicles contributes about 60% of
the total volume of semen
Seminal vesicles
It is thick, yellowish, and alkaline and contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins (local-acting hormones)
Seminal fluid
It secretes its products directly into the urethra
through several small ducts
Prostate gland
It is thin and milky and contains anticoagulant enzymes and citrate.
Prostate fluid
This gland secretes a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra.
Bulbourethral gland
During sexual arousal, this tissue fills with blood from the arteries
Erectile tissue
What is the term for the thinner skin covering the sensitive head (glans penis) of the main shaft of the penis, which may be removed by circumcision?
Foreskin or prepuce
How many mL does a male usually ejaculates and how many sperm are there in each mL
2 - 5 mL of semen, 50 - 130 million per mL
the production of sperm and eggs, takes place through the process of meiosis
Gametogenesis
What is the production of sperm called
Spermatogenesis
What is the production of egg cell called
Oogenesis
What are the three main components of sperm cells?
Flagellum, Neck, Head
a special vesicle at the head of sperm, contains enzymes essential for breaking down barriers and aiding the sperm in penetrating the egg during fertilization.
Acrosome
It is deposited during gestation and remain present from birth through the beginning of adolescence. However, during this time, they are in an inactive state.
Stem cells
It begins in the female embryo with differentiation of primordial germ cell into oogonium
Oogenesis
It is completed when a sperm penetrates the oocyte
Meiosis
It is completed when it produces an ovum
Oogenesis
It averages 28 days in length (although cycles vary, ranging from about 20 to 40 days)
Menstrual cycle
The changes in the uterus define the ________
Menstrual cycle or Uterine cycle
The cyclic events that occur in the
ovaries define the _____
Ovarian cycle
the endometrium is shed from the uterus in a bleeding called
Menstruation
the endometrium is reabsorbed by the
uterus
Estrous cycle
It is involved in calcium metabolism and, without it, blood levels of calcium decrease
Estrogen
the cessation of ovulation and menstruation
menopause
How many cycle of menstruation does a woman have in her lifetime before entering menopause
500
What ages do menopause occur
46 to 56
also called conception in humans－occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg (mature oocyte) in the oviduct or fallopian tube
Fertilization
The process when the zygote begins to divide
Cleavage
a sphere of cells surrounding a central cavity
blastocyst
the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the
zona pellucida
When a sperm binds to the zona
pellucida, a series of biochemical events,
called the
acrosomal reaction
The blastula arrange themselves in two layers
Inner cell mass, and trophoblast
The development of multi-cellular organisms begins from a single-celled zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division to form the
Blastula
It is also known as the embryoblast and this mass of cells will go on to form the embryo.
Inner cell mass
Contributes to the placenta and nourish the embryo.
Trophoblast
It is a formative process by which the three germ layers, which are precursors of all embryonic tissues, and the axial orientation are established in embryos
Gastrulation
3 germ layers in Gastrulation
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
It gives rise to the nervous system and the
epidermis
Ectoderm
It gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue in the body
Mesoderm
It gives rise to columnar cells found in the
digestive system and many internal organs
Endoderm
Gastrulation leads to the formation of the three germ layers that give rise to the different organs in the animal body through the process called
Organogenesis
In vertebrates, one of the primary steps during organogenesis is the
formation of the neural system
special signaling molecules that signal some cells at the edge of the ectoderm to become epidermis cells
growth factor
It gives rise to the brain and spiral cord
neural tube
A spatial pattern of gene expression reorganizes the mesoderm into groups of cells
Somites
A rod-shaped and forms the central axis of the animal body
notochord
