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Zoology Finals > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

it is the process by which an organism replicate
themselves

A

Reproduction

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2
Q

it is the progressive changes in size, shape, and function by which its genetic potentials are translated into functioning mature systems

A

Development

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3
Q

The generation of new individuals without the
fusion of egg and sperm.

A

Asexual

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4
Q

In most asexual animals, reproduction relies
entirely on

A

Mitotic cell division

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5
Q

The formation of offspring by the fusion of
haploid gametes to form a diploid

A

Sexual reproduction

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6
Q

The female gamete is the unfertilized
egg or ovum while the male gamete is the
sperm

A

Zygote

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7
Q

Animals can reproduce asexually through

A
  1. Fission
  2. Budding
  3. Fragmentation
  4. Parthenogenesis
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8
Q

It occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms and in some invertebrate, multicelled organisms

A

Fission

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9
Q

It occurs commonly in some invertebrate animals such as Hydra and corals in which new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones
(parent’s body).

A

Budding

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10
Q

It occurs in many sea stars, sponges, cnidarians, polychaete annelids, and tunicate. The breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent regeneration (the regrowth of lost body parts).

A

Fragmentation

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11
Q

It occurs in certain species of bees, wasps, ants, water fleas, rotifers, aphids, and stick insects. An egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be
either haploid or diploid

A

Parthenogenesis

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12
Q

the condition of having both male and female reproductive organs

A

Hemaphroditism

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13
Q

An individual reverses its sex during its lifetime

A

Sequential Hemaphroditism

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14
Q

What reproduction happens when the conditions are favorable

A

Asexual reproduction

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15
Q

What reproduction occurs during environmental stress

A

Sexual reproduction

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction starts with the combination
(union) of a sperm and an egg in a process called

A

Fertilization

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17
Q

2 Benefits of courtship among animals

A
  1. It allows mate selection
  2. Increases the probability of successful
    fertilization by triggering the release of both
    sperm and eggs.
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18
Q

It occurs most often in landbased animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method

A

Internal Fertilization

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19
Q

What do least complex reproductive system lack

A

Gonads

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20
Q

What do complex reproductive system contain

A

set of accessory tubes and glands

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21
Q

What do internal reproductive organs consists of

A

pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers

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22
Q

what is the role of ducts and chambers

A

conduct the gametes and house the embryo and fetus

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23
Q

What are the female gonads

A

Ovaries

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24
Q

Follicles produce the primary female sex
hormones

A

Estrogen

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25
Q

It extends from the uterus toward each ovary

A

Fallopian tube or Oviduct

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26
Q

Together with wavelike contractions of the
oviduct, the cilia convey the egg down the
duct to the

A

Uterus or Womb

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27
Q

It is a thick, muscular organ that can expand during pregnancy to accommodate a 4-kg fetus

A

Uterus

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28
Q

The inner lining of the uterus and is richly supplied with blood vessels. It is shed during menstrual period

A

Endometrium

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29
Q

This is the thick middle muscle layer of the corpus or fundus. It expands during pregnancy

A

Myometrium

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30
Q

The outer serous layer of the uterus. It secretes a
lubricating fluid that helps to reduce friction.

A

Perimetrium

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31
Q

It is a muscular but elastic chamber that is the site for insertion of the penis and deposition of sperm during copulation

A

Vagina

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32
Q

It is a collective term for the external female

A

Vulva

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33
Q

It is a pair of thick, fatty ridges that encloses and protects the rest of the vulva

A

Labia Majora or Outer lip

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34
Q

The vaginal opening and the separate opening of the urethra are located within a cavity bordered by a pair of slender skin folds

A

Labia Minora or Inner lip

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35
Q

It is a thin piece of tissue that partly covers the vaginal opening in humans at birth, and usually until sexual intercourse or vigorous physical activity ruptures it.

A

Hymen

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36
Q

It is located at the upper intersection of the labia minora, consists of a short shaft supporting a rounded glans, or head, covered by a small hood of skin, the prepuce.

A

Clitoris

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37
Q

It is present in both sexes but normally produce milk only in females

A

Mammary glands

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38
Q

Male’s external reproductive organ

A

Scrotum and penis

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39
Q

Internal parts of the reproductive organ of male

A

Gonads, Accessory glands, Ducts

40
Q

It produces both sperm and reproductive hormones

A

Gonads

41
Q

It secretes products essential to sperm movement

A

Accessory glands

42
Q

It carries the sperm and glandular secretions

A

Ducts

43
Q

It consist of many highly coiled tubes surrounded by several layers of connective tissue

A

Male gonads or testes

44
Q

Tubes where the sperm forms

A

Seminiferous tubules

45
Q

It is scattered between the seminiferous tubules,
produce testosterone and other androgens

A

Leydig cells

46
Q

It is where the sperm pass into the coiled tubules of the

A

Epididymis

47
Q

The action where the sperm is propelled to the vas deferens

A

Ejaculation

48
Q

It runs from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder

A

Vas deferens

49
Q

It drains both the excretory and reproductive systems.

A

Urethra

50
Q

Three set of male accessory gland

A

Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, and Bulbourethral glands

51
Q

A pair of seminal vesicles contributes about 60% of
the total volume of semen

A

Seminal vesicles

52
Q

It is thick, yellowish, and alkaline and contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins (local-acting hormones)

A

Seminal fluid

53
Q

It secretes its products directly into the urethra
through several small ducts

A

Prostate gland

54
Q

It is thin and milky and contains anticoagulant enzymes and citrate.

A

Prostate fluid

55
Q

This gland secretes a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra.

A

Bulbourethral gland

56
Q

During sexual arousal, this tissue fills with blood from the arteries

A

Erectile tissue

57
Q

What is the term for the thinner skin covering the sensitive head (glans penis) of the main shaft of the penis, which may be removed by circumcision?

A

Foreskin or prepuce

58
Q

How many mL does a male usually ejaculates and how many sperm are there in each mL

A

2 - 5 mL of semen, 50 - 130 million per mL

59
Q

the production of sperm and eggs, takes place through the process of meiosis

A

Gametogenesis

60
Q

What is the production of sperm called

A

Spermatogenesis

61
Q

What is the production of egg cell called

A

Oogenesis

62
Q

What are the three main components of sperm cells?

A

Flagellum, Neck, Head

63
Q

a special vesicle at the head of sperm, contains enzymes essential for breaking down barriers and aiding the sperm in penetrating the egg during fertilization.

A

Acrosome

64
Q

It is deposited during gestation and remain present from birth through the beginning of adolescence. However, during this time, they are in an inactive state.

A

Stem cells

65
Q

It begins in the female embryo with differentiation of primordial germ cell into oogonium

A

Oogenesis

66
Q

It is completed when a sperm penetrates the oocyte

A

Meiosis

67
Q

It is completed when it produces an ovum

A

Oogenesis

68
Q

It averages 28 days in length (although cycles vary, ranging from about 20 to 40 days)

A

Menstrual cycle

69
Q

The changes in the uterus define the ________

A

Menstrual cycle or Uterine cycle

70
Q

The cyclic events that occur in the
ovaries define the _____

A

Ovarian cycle

71
Q

the endometrium is shed from the uterus in a bleeding called

A

Menstruation

72
Q

the endometrium is reabsorbed by the
uterus

A

Estrous cycle

73
Q

It is involved in calcium metabolism and, without it, blood levels of calcium decrease

A

Estrogen

74
Q

the cessation of ovulation and menstruation

A

menopause

75
Q

How many cycle of menstruation does a woman have in her lifetime before entering menopause

A

500

76
Q

What ages do menopause occur

A

46 to 56

77
Q

also called conception in humans－occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg (mature oocyte) in the oviduct or fallopian tube

A

Fertilization

78
Q

The process when the zygote begins to divide

A

Cleavage

79
Q

a sphere of cells surrounding a central cavity

A

blastocyst

80
Q

the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the

A

zona pellucida

81
Q

When a sperm binds to the zona
pellucida, a series of biochemical events,
called the

A

acrosomal reaction

82
Q

The blastula arrange themselves in two layers

A

Inner cell mass, and trophoblast

83
Q

The development of multi-cellular organisms begins from a single-celled zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division to form the

A

Blastula

84
Q

It is also known as the embryoblast and this mass of cells will go on to form the embryo.

A

Inner cell mass

85
Q

Contributes to the placenta and nourish the embryo.

A

Trophoblast

86
Q

It is a formative process by which the three germ layers, which are precursors of all embryonic tissues, and the axial orientation are established in embryos

A

Gastrulation

87
Q

3 germ layers in Gastrulation

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

88
Q

It gives rise to the nervous system and the
epidermis

A

Ectoderm

89
Q

It gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue in the body

A

Mesoderm

90
Q

It gives rise to columnar cells found in the
digestive system and many internal organs

A

Endoderm

91
Q

Gastrulation leads to the formation of the three germ layers that give rise to the different organs in the animal body through the process called

A

Organogenesis

92
Q

In vertebrates, one of the primary steps during organogenesis is the

A

formation of the neural system

93
Q

special signaling molecules that signal some cells at the edge of the ectoderm to become epidermis cells

A

growth factor

94
Q

It gives rise to the brain and spiral cord

A

neural tube

95
Q

A spatial pattern of gene expression reorganizes the mesoderm into groups of cells

A

Somites

96
Q

A rod-shaped and forms the central axis of the animal body

A

notochord

Zoology Finals (4 decks)

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