Nutrition, Gas Exchange, and Internal Transport Flashcards
Functions of Circulatory System
- Supplies needed nutrients and oxygen.
- helping cells/tissues get rid of carbon
dioxide and waste products of
metabolism - participating in protection of the body
and in wound healing - regulation of body temperature, fluid -
electrolytes balance, and acid-base
balance - cellular communication
Types of Circulatory System
Open Circulatory System & Closed Circulatory System
The hemolymph is pumped through a blood vessel that empties into the body cavity
Open circulatory system
Where does the hemolymph return the blood to
Blood vessels or ostia
The heart pumps blood through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body
Closed circulatory system
Gases, nutrients, and waste in simple animals are exchanged by
Diffusion
Species that have the simplest circulatory system
Fishes
Species that have two circulatory routes. One for oxygenation of the blood through the lungs and skin, and the other to take oxygen to the rest of the body
Amphibians
Species that have two circulatory routes however however, blood is only oxygenated through
the lungs. The heart is three chambered, but the ventricles are partially separated so some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
Reptiles
Species that have the most efficient heart with four chambers that completely separate the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Mammals and birds
It is a transport medium of the circulation
Blood
It is the pumping organ of the system
Heart
It is the containers through which the circulation occurs
Blood vessels
It is the liquid component of blood. It is consists of 90% water along with various substances required for maintaining the body’s pH, osmotic load, and for protecting the body, and coagulation factors and antibodies.
Plasma
It is the plasma component of blood without the coagulation factors
Serum
It is similar to interstitial fluid in which the correct composition of key ions acting as electrolytes is essential for normal functioning of muscles and nerves. It contains protein, antibodies, lipids, nutrients, and hormones, and external substances (e.g., drugs, viruses,bacteria)
Serum
It comprises 1% of blood volume, play a crucial role in the immune response. Their numbers temporarily rise during infections, and they serve as vigilant structures patrolling interstitial fluid and the lymphatic system.
White blood cells
White blood cells is also known as
Leukocytes
Two general types of WBC
Granulocytes and Agranucytes
responds during injury
Granulocytes
adaptive immune response
Agranulocytes
they are formed from the disintegration of larger cells called megakaryocytes
Platelets
Platelets is also called as
Thrombocytes
For each megakaryocyte, _________
platelets are formed with _______ to
________ platelets present in each cubic
millimeter of blood.
2000-3000, 150,000 to 400,000
The most numerous blood cells; specialized cells that circulate through the body, delivering oxygen to cells; formed from stem cells in the bone marrow
Red blood cells
Red blood cells is also called as
Erythrocytes
The red coloring of blood comes from what iron-containing protein
Hemoglobin
Lifespan of Erythrocytes
120 days or 3 months
a hollow, four-chambered muscular organ that is specialized for pumping blood through the vessels of the body
Heart
The walls of the heart are made of
Cardiac muscle tissue
branching, striated, generally uninucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized(intercalated discs)
Cardiac muscle tissue
The tough fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart
Pericardium
Three layers of the heart
Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium
the inner layer that lines walls of the heart
Endocardium
the middle layer consists of the heart muscle cells that make up the middle layer and the bulk of the heart wall which initiates contractions driving the cardiac cycle
Myocardium
the outer layer which prevents excess expansion or movement of the heart
Epicardium
branch from the aorta and surround the outer surface of the heart like a crown
Coronary Arteries
take the deoxygenated blood back to the
right atrium where the blood will be re-oxygenated through the pulmonary circuit. The heart muscle will die without a steady supply of blood
Coronary veins
The heart contracts and relaxes in a
Rhythmic cycle
what happens when the heart contracts
It pumps blood
What happens when the heart relaxes
It fills the chambers with blood
One complete sequence of pumping and filling is referred to as
Cardiac cycle
The contraction phase of the cycle is called
Systole
The relaxation phase is called
Diastole
It takes blood away from the heart
Arteries
Are small blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart/
Arterioles
It is an interwoven network of capillaries that supplies an organ.
Capillary bed
This part converge again into venules that connect to minor veins that finally connect to major veins that take blood high in carbon dioxide back to the heart.
Capilliaries
Are blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart
Veins
Are any small branches of a vein that receives oxygen depleted blood from the capillaries and returns it to the heart via venous system
Venules
Three layers of the blood vessel
Tunica Externa, Tunica Media, Tunica Intima
Capillaries are made up of single cell layer called
Tunica Intima
The elastic connective tissue stretches and supports the blood vessels
Outermost layer (Collagen, and Elastic Fibers)
regulate blood flow by altering vascular resistance through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Middle Tunic (Smooth Connective Tissue)
Why does arteries have valves
to prevent backflow of blood
Moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.
Pulmonary Circulation
Moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Systemic Circulation
Refers to any part of the systemic circulation in which blood draining from the capillary bed of one structure flows through a larger vessel(s) to supply the capillary bed of another structure before returning to the heart
Portal Circulation
