Urogenital surgery

Question 1

Paraphimosis

Answer 1

Inability of a horse to retract it penis into the prepuce

Question 2

Causes of Paraphimosis (5)

Answer 2

Preputial oedema caused by genital trauma or systemic disease

Damage to penile innervation.

Debilitation.

Phenothiazine-derivative

Urethral damage results in severe tissue necrosis

Question 3

Phimosis

Answer 3

The inability of the horse to protrude its penis from the prepuce

Question 4

Causes of Phimosis

Answer 4

Stricture of the preputial orifice or preputial ring.
Congenital phimosis–rarely occurs in horses.
Acquired phimosis – can be caused by tumors or damage at the preputial orifice or preputial ring.

Question 5

Priapism

Answer 5

Persistent erection without sexual arousal

when disturbances in arterial inflow or venous outflow prevent detumescence of the erect corpus cavernosum penis (CCP). Vascular stasis and edema occur, leading to fibrosis of the CCP and irreversible occlusion of the collecting veins.

Question 6

Causes of priapism

Answer 6

phenothiazine-derivative tranquilizers.

Question 7

Penile neoplasia

• most common type
• prognosis
• other types
• most affected horses

Answer 7

-The penis and prepuce is the squamous cell carcinoma

• Good prognosis is dealt with quickly.
• Low grade malignancy, grows surprisingly slowly for a carcinoma.
• Metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes occurs late in disease.
• Other reported neoplasms include, melanoma, papilloma, sarcoid, fibrosarcoma.
• old horses, breeds with non-pigmented genitalia (Starts off as a pigment change)

Question 8

Penile neoplasia Treatment (5)

Answer 8

-Cryosurgery (freezing with nitrogen)
-Chemotherapy
5 flurouracil
Cisplatin
-NSAIDs
-Excision (phallectomy)
-En bloc resection of penis, prepuce, and superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
-Combine therapies for best possible result

Question 9

Mare genitalia neoplasia

• type
• common places
• prognosis
• appearance

Answer 9

• squamous cell carcinoma
• vulva and clittorous
• poor prognosis
• start as tiny erosions on vulva

Question 10

Mare tract anatomy

Answer 10

Long vestibule present before the vagina
Short Vaginal vault
3 seals
Prominent vestibulovaginal fold

Question 11

Perineal Lacerations

Answer 11

Usually occur at mating or parturition.

1st degree: laceration of mucosa only

2nd degree: There is a block of muscle between rectum and vulva; can feel with thumb in rectum and finger in vulva.
If this is torn, vulva integrity is compromised: urine can pool, air can get in etc.

3rd degree: Tear between rectum and reproductive tract; essentially defecating in reproductive tract.