urogenital anomalies in kids

Question 1

prune belly syndrome

Answer 1

absence of rectus muscles, bladder outlet obstruction, and cryptochidism

Question 2

what is the most common abd mass in newborns?

Answer 2

multicystic dysplastic kidney, usually associated with atretic ureter

Question 3

What is small left colon syndrome?

Answer 3

syndrome seen in infants of diabetic mothers. pts have abd distention and failure to pass meconium secondary to decr. caliber of the left colon

Question 4

what is polycythemia?

Answer 4

hct >65%

Question 5

what are the risks associated with polycythemia?

Answer 5

incr. risk of NEC, poor perfusion, cyanosis, poor feeds, resp distress, seizures, renal vein thrombosis, metabolic acidosis

Question 6

treatment of polycythemia

Answer 6

partial exchange transfusion. remvoe blood and replace by the same volume plasma substitute

Question 7

How is vesicoureteral reflux diagnosed and treated?

Answer 7

diagnosed via voiding cystourethrogram
treated with low-dose prophylactic antibiotics ; kids with grade 4-5 reflux (reflux with lots of dilation and clubbed calyces or gross dilation with severe clubbing and tortuosity of the ureters) should see peds surgery

Question 8

What underlying causes may lead to urolithiasis?

Answer 8

hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria (inherited or due to IBD), distal RTA, hyperuricosuria (seen in leukemia/lymphoma, Lesch-Nyhan), cystinuria (AR disorder), UTI, hyperparathyroidism

Question 9

Initial work up for a kid with urolithiasis

Answer 9

BUN, electrolytes, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, PTH level, uric acid level, venous blood gas
UA with microscopy, among other urine studies
imaging