Urine part 2 Flashcards
What happens to creatinine levels in muscle wasting disease?
Elevated in early stages and falls to below normal levels when musculature is atrophic.
How are creatinine levels affected by fever?
Increased in fever and little affected by other metabolic disorders.
What is the most valuable use of creatinine levels?
Most valuable in determining creatinine clearance rate.
What is urine chloride?
An electrolyte controlled by kidneys that maintains acid-base balance and regulates blood volume and artery pressure.
What are elevated urine chloride levels linked to?
Elevated levels linked to acidosis and excessive water.
What are the main components of chlorides?
Chlorides include calcium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, and magnesium.
What is the average urine chloride excretion?
Average: 10-15 grams in 24 hours.
What does unusual presence of sugar, protein, ketone bodies, and blood in urine indicate?
Indicates potential illness or disorder.
What are normal urine glucose levels?
Normal urine glucose levels are typically low; positive glucose indicates diabetes cases.
What does the presence of protein in urine suggest?
May indicate kidney damage, blood in urine, or an infection.
What are ketone bodies?
The end product of excessive fatty acid breakdown, present when blood levels surpass a certain threshold.
What stimulates fatty acid release from adipose tissue?
Stimulated by several hormones including glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone.
What is ketosis?
Accumulation of ketone bodies in small amounts; not harmful.
What is ketoacidosis?
Occurs when larger amounts of ketone bodies accumulate, lowering the body’s pH to acidic.
What does a negative ketone test indicate?
Negative test is normal.
What are the classifications of ketone levels in urine?
Small - <20 mg/dL; Moderate- 30-40 mg/dL; Large - >80 mg/dL.
What happens to bile pigments in the bloodstream?
Bile pigments are reabsorbed into the bloodstream and can cause yellowish skin discoloration.
How are bile pigments detected in urine?
Detection through Gmelin’s test, producing colors when HNO3 concentration is present.
What is bilirubin?
A waste product from the breakdown of hemoglobin molecules from worn-out RBCs.
What does increased conjugated bilirubin in urine indicate?
Indicates potential liver dysfunction or obstruction of bile duct.
What are the causes of bilirubinuria?
- Moderate to severe hepatocellular damage 2. Obstruction of bile duct.
What does the presence of blood in urine indicate?
Indicates an infection, kidney stones, trauma, or bleeding from a bladder or kidney tumor.
What is the minimum volume required for excretion of solids?
With an average mixed diet, it is about 600 mL.
What effect do beer, coffee, and tea have on urine output?
They produce a diuretic effect.
How does temperature and humidity affect urine volume?
Hot weather and strenuous exertion decrease volume; cold weather may increase urine production.
What effect does mental excitement have on urine output?
Increases urine output, with children excreting more urine than adults.
What effect do diarrhea and vomiting have on urine volume?
Markedly diminish urine output, potentially leading to anuria in severe cases.
What conditions cause polyuria?
Diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, late-stage chronic glomerulonephritis, drug-induced diuretics, alcohol, compulsive polydipsia.
What is oliguria?
Volume of urine less than 500ml/day.
What conditions cause oliguria?
Fever, diarrhea, severe edema, acute nephritis, cardiac failure, and hypertension.
What does a positive Benedict’s test signify?
Signifies glycosuria, indicating the presence of reducing sugar in urine.
What is proteinuria?
When proteins appear in urine in detectable amounts, may be physiological or pathological.
What causes proteinuria?
Increased glomerular permeability, reduced tubular reabsorption, increased secretion of proteins, or increased concentration of low molecular weight proteins in plasma.
