Urine Collection & Analysis Flashcards
How is free flow sample best collected
Mid-flow
Free flow advantages (4)
Non-traumatic
No iatrogenic element
Easy
Relatively sterile
Fee flow disadvantages (3)
Can be awkward
Urethral contamination
Contamination from collection receptacle
Advantages of manual expression (1)
Easy
Disadvantages of manual expression (4)
Non-sterile
May cause discomfort
May cause bladder trauma/rupture
Must be sufficient urine in bladder
Advantages of catheter collection (2)
Relatively sterile
Relatively easy
Disadvantages of catheter collection (3)
Risk of iatrogenic trauma/infection
May require GA/sedation
Expertise req. to catheterise bitches
How should cysto be carried out
Aseptic skin prep
20-22G needle
Advantages of cysto collection (6)
Quick and easy Sterile Minimal pain No urethral contamination Iatrogenic trauma/infection uncommon
Disadvantages of cysto collection (3)
Must be done by vet
Req. experience
May result in blood contamination
Temp. Of samples for testing
Room temp.
What may happen to sample in refrigerated overnight
Crystal formation
How must urine not be stored
Frozen
Why is boric acid container used
Bacteriology
Inhibits further growth
Preserves existing bacteria
Why might urine have foul door
Excess protein
What odour May result from ketonuria
Acetone
What may cause abnormally viscous urine
Urinary tract inflammation
Dark yellow-brown urine may indicate
Dehydration
Green-yellow urine may indicate
Bilirubin oxidation
Brown/red/black urine may indicate
Blood
Abnormal turbidity May be due to… (9)
RBC/WBC Crystals/casts Epithelial cells Bacteria/fungi Prostate/vagina secretions
Define specific gravity
Weight of known volume of fluid compared to same volume of distilled water
Estimation of concentrating ability of kidney
Normal ranges of specific gravity
Dog - 1.015-1.045
Cat - 1.035-1.060
Decrease in SG may be due to..
4
Polydipsia
IVFT
D.insipidus
CRF
Increase in SG may be due to…(4)
Dehydration
D.mellitus
ARF
Sediment
Increase glucose level may be due to…(4)
Stress/excitement
D.mellitus
Hyperthyroidism
Cushings
Blood in urine may be due to…(3)
Infection
Trauma
Neoplasia
How much bilirubin is normal in dogs and cats
What might increase indicate…(2)
Trace amounts normal in dogs, not cats
Hepatic disease
Haemolytic jaundice
Presence of ketones May indicate (3)
D.mellitus (ketoacidosis)
Starvation (cachexia)
Hepatic damage
How much protein normal in dogs and cats
What may increase indicate (3)
Trace amounts normal
Renal failure
Inflammatory disease
Haemorrhage
Define ph
Measure of number of free H+ ions in a solution
Higher number = low ph
Normal ph ranges
Dog - 5-7
Cat - 7-9
Increase in ph may be due to…(4)
High fibre diet
Alkalosis
Urine retention
UTI
Decrease in ph may be due to…(4)
Starvation
Fever
Acidosis
High protein diet
Centrifuging of urine
1,500rpm for 5 mins
Presence of crystals may indicate…(4)
Acidic urine
Cystitis
Haematuria
Urolithiasis
Cystine
- urine ph
- indicates (2)
Acidic/neutral
Renal tubular dysfunction
Defective amino acid absorption
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
- urine ph
- indicates (2)
Acidic/neutral
Acute renal failure
Ethylene glycol poisoning
Ammonium biurate
- urine ph
- indicates (2)
Acidic/neutral
Liver damage
Portosystemic shunts
Struvite
- urine ph
- indicates (1)
Alkaline/neutral
Urinary infection
