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Laboratory Techniques > Urine Collection & Analysis > Flashcards

Urine Collection & Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

How is free flow sample best collected

A

Mid-flow

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2
Q

Free flow advantages (4)

A

Non-traumatic
No iatrogenic element
Easy
Relatively sterile

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3
Q

Fee flow disadvantages (3)

A

Can be awkward
Urethral contamination
Contamination from collection receptacle

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4
Q

Advantages of manual expression (1)

A

Easy

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5
Q

Disadvantages of manual expression (4)

A

Non-sterile
May cause discomfort
May cause bladder trauma/rupture
Must be sufficient urine in bladder

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6
Q

Advantages of catheter collection (2)

A

Relatively sterile

Relatively easy

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7
Q

Disadvantages of catheter collection (3)

A

Risk of iatrogenic trauma/infection
May require GA/sedation
Expertise req. to catheterise bitches

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8
Q

How should cysto be carried out

A

Aseptic skin prep

20-22G needle

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9
Q

Advantages of cysto collection (6)

A 
Quick and easy
Sterile
Minimal pain
No urethral contamination
Iatrogenic trauma/infection uncommon
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10
Q

Disadvantages of cysto collection (3)

A

Must be done by vet
Req. experience
May result in blood contamination

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11
Q

Temp. Of samples for testing

A

Room temp.

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12
Q

What may happen to sample in refrigerated overnight

A

Crystal formation

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13
Q

How must urine not be stored

A

Frozen

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14
Q

Why is boric acid container used

A

Bacteriology
Inhibits further growth
Preserves existing bacteria

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15
Q

Why might urine have foul door

A

Excess protein

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16
Q

What odour May result from ketonuria

A

Acetone

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17
Q

What may cause abnormally viscous urine

A

Urinary tract inflammation

18
Q

Dark yellow-brown urine may indicate

A

Dehydration

19
Q

Green-yellow urine may indicate

A

Bilirubin oxidation

20
Q

Brown/red/black urine may indicate

A

Blood

21
Q

Abnormal turbidity May be due to… (9)

A 
RBC/WBC
Crystals/casts
Epithelial cells
Bacteria/fungi
Prostate/vagina secretions
22
Q

Define specific gravity

A

Weight of known volume of fluid compared to same volume of distilled water

Estimation of concentrating ability of kidney

23
Q

Normal ranges of specific gravity

A

Dog - 1.015-1.045

Cat - 1.035-1.060

24
Q

Decrease in SG may be due to..

4

A

Polydipsia
IVFT
D.insipidus
CRF

25
Q

Increase in SG may be due to…(4)

A

Dehydration
D.mellitus
ARF
Sediment

26
Q

Increase glucose level may be due to…(4)

A

Stress/excitement
D.mellitus
Hyperthyroidism
Cushings

27
Q

Blood in urine may be due to…(3)

A

Infection
Trauma
Neoplasia

28
Q

How much bilirubin is normal in dogs and cats

What might increase indicate…(2)

A

Trace amounts normal in dogs, not cats

Hepatic disease
Haemolytic jaundice

29
Q

Presence of ketones May indicate (3)

A

D.mellitus (ketoacidosis)
Starvation (cachexia)
Hepatic damage

30
Q

How much protein normal in dogs and cats

What may increase indicate (3)

A

Trace amounts normal

Renal failure
Inflammatory disease
Haemorrhage

31
Q

Define ph

A

Measure of number of free H+ ions in a solution

Higher number = low ph

32
Q

Normal ph ranges

A

Dog - 5-7

Cat - 7-9

33
Q

Increase in ph may be due to…(4)

A

High fibre diet
Alkalosis
Urine retention
UTI

34
Q

Decrease in ph may be due to…(4)

A

Starvation
Fever
Acidosis
High protein diet

35
Q

Centrifuging of urine

A

1,500rpm for 5 mins

36
Q

Presence of crystals may indicate…(4)

A

Acidic urine
Cystitis
Haematuria
Urolithiasis

37
Q

Cystine

  • urine ph
  • indicates (2)
A

Acidic/neutral

Renal tubular dysfunction
Defective amino acid absorption

38
Q

Calcium oxalate dihydrate

  • urine ph
  • indicates (2)
A

Acidic/neutral

Acute renal failure
Ethylene glycol poisoning

39
Q

Ammonium biurate

  • urine ph
  • indicates (2)
A

Acidic/neutral

Liver damage
Portosystemic shunts

40
Q

Struvite

  • urine ph
  • indicates (1)
A

Alkaline/neutral

Urinary infection

Laboratory Techniques (13 decks)

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