Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 renal > Urine and blood changes > Flashcards

Urine and blood changes Flashcards

1
Q

What can a UPC ratio be used for?

A

Urine protein: creatinine ratio

If high then indicates proteinuria
>0.4 cat, >0.5 dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can a UPC be misleading?

A

can appear to be improving when more nephrons are being lost as less creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 categories of causes of proteinuria?

A

pre-glomerular
glomerular
tubular
post - gomerular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is pre-glomerular proteinuria?

A

very high conc of small proteins that overwhelm reabsorbing capacity

eg: excess Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is glomerular proteinuria?

A

increased glomerular capillary pressure resulting in more protein being forced through the capillary barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can glomerulonephritis cause proteinuria?

A

-immune mediated (AgAb complexes in blood or in filter) causing thickened BM - nephron destruction and renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does amyloidosis cause proteinuria?

A

deposits in the glomerular memebrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what breeds is amyloidosis familial?

A

shar pei dogs

abyssinian cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is tubular proteinuria?

A

when tubules not resorbing protein that has been filtered

e.g CKD, tubular defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is post-glomerular proteinuria?

A

protein collected from LUT

e.g: UTI, urolithiasis, haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when do you get protein losing nephropathy?

A

moderate to severe glomerular/tubular loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

are patients with protein losing nephropathy azotaemic?

A

not necessarily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 components of nephrotic syndrome?

A

proteinuria
hypoalbuminaemia (as lost in urine)
hypercholesterolaemia
oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what can be a consequence of protein losing nephropathy?

A

thromboembolism as lose anti-clot proteins in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you treat proteinuria?

A
  • treat any specific cause
  • ACE-I to dilate efferent
  • anti-thrombotic therapy
  • anti-hypertensives
  • Na restrict / x-centesis for oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why dont you give diuretics to control oedema in patients with nephrotic syndrome?

A

dont want to volume restrict and reduce GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are bence-jones proteins and what are they indicative of?

A

Ig light chains

multiple myelomas

*not detected on dipstick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is azotaemia?

A

increase in the non-protein nitrogenous compounds, urea nitrogen and creatinine. Both are indicators of GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is urea nitrogen from?

A

eaten protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is creatinine from?

A

muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a better indicator of renal function in ruminants and why? Urea or creatinine?

A

Creatinine

-as urea goes into rumen for protein production

22
Q

What would you look for on abdomenocentesis/blood when suspecting a ruptured bladder and why?

A

-Creatinine as takes longer (4hrs) to equilibriate with total body water compared to urea (90min)

23
Q

What are some causes of prerenal azotaemia?

A 
dehydration
high protein catabolism
necrosis
hypovolaemia
steroid use
24
Q

What will the USG be with pre-renal azotaemia?

A

normal - as ADH still working

25
Q

What causes renal azotaemia?

A

loss of nephron function so cant excrete enough

26
Q

what is isosthenuria?

A

osmolarity of urine same as blood

1.008-1.012

27
Q

What ion does chloride normally change in the same direction as?

A

Sodium

28
Q

If sodium and chloride change independantly what does it indicate?

A

acid/base disturbance

29
Q

What can cause hyperkalaemia?

A

renal failure as cant excrete it

acidosis as exchanged for hydrogen ions

30
Q

Why do you often get acidosis with renal failure?

A

cant conserve bicarb

31
Q

what can cause hypokalaemia?

A

renal loss
vom/dia
reduced intake

32
Q

How is calcium affected by renal failure in cat/dog/cattle?

A

decreased or normal

33
Q

How is calcium affected by renal failure in horses?

A

increased

34
Q

How is phosphorus affected by renal failure?

A

increased

decreased in horses

35
Q

Why can you get high amylase and lipase with renal failure?

A

as they are cleared by the kidney

36
Q

What does acidic urine indicate?

A

high protein diet

fasting herbivore

37
Q

what can alkaline urine mean?

A

all veg diet

cystitis

38
Q

what can cause glucosuria?

A

hyperglycaemia
renal disease
stressed cat

39
Q

what can cause ketonuria?

A

excess fat degradation
poorly controlled DM
starvation

40
Q

what can cause bilirubin in the blood?

A

haemolytic anaemia
liver disease with cholestasis
gall bladder/bile duct obstruction

41
Q

what is haematuria?

A

intact blood cells in urine

42
Q

what can cause haematuria?

A

trauma
cystitis
renal/gyno bleed

43
Q

what can cause haemoglobinuria?

A

haemolytic anaemia

44
Q

what can cause myoglobinuria?

A

severe muscle damage

45
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

muscle protein carrying oxygen

46
Q

why may you get WBC in urine?

A

inflammation

infection

47
Q

why may you get RBC in urine?

A

haemorrhage

contamination from cysto

48
Q

What crystals are found with a portosystemic shunt?

A

ammonium biurate

49
Q

what crystals are found with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

calcium oxalate

50
Q

What crystals are normal in horse urine?

A

calcium carbonate

51
Q

what are casts?

A

from renal tubular epithelium

52
Q

What can large numbers of casts mean?

A

tubular damage

Year 3 renal (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions