Large animal disease

Question 1

what surgery options are there for large animal urolithiasis?

Answer 1

• perineal urethrostomy (penile stump out perineum)
• amputate urethral process
• tube cystotomy (leave catheter in for 2 weeks nd test)

Question 2

what is the difference in location for sheep and cattle urolith obstruction?

Answer 2

sheep - mainly urethral prcoess

cow - sigmoid flexure

Question 3

What are some predisposing factors to urolithiasis?

Answer 3

• dietary imbalance (high conc + low roughage) (high P + low Ca) (high Mg)
• castrated males
• dehydration
• alkaline urine
• UTI

Question 4

What are the clinical signs of urolithiasis?

Answer 4

haematuria
dysuria
dribbling urine
tail flapping
colic signs
anorexia
depression
preputial swelling
abdo distension
seizures
death

Question 5

what blood changes would you see with urolithiasis?

Answer 5

azotaemia
hyperkaelaemia
hyponatraemia

Question 6

what are some signs of amyloidosis affecting the kidney?

Answer 6

oedema
wt loss
chronic dia
proteinuria
fibrinogenaemia
hypoalbuminaemia
azotaemia

Question 7

what causes enzootic haematuria?

Answer 7

chronic bracken grazing - ptaquiloside carcinogen - bladder wall neoplasia

Question 8

what is ulcerative posthitis?

Answer 8

ulcerative bacterial inf of prepuce and vulva mucosa

Question 9

what causes ulcerative posthitis?

Answer 9

corynebacterium renale

high protein diet

Question 10

what is ulcerative posthitis also known as?

Answer 10

pizzle rot

Question 11

how can you manage pizzle rot?

Answer 11

NSAIDs
penicillin
reduce dietary protein

Question 12

What is pyelonephritis and how does it come about?

Answer 12

• ascending infection
• can be post partum / post service
• post metritis / urolithiasis
• mainly G-ves

Question 13

what are signs of acute pyelonephritis?

Answer 13

pyrexia
anorexia
depression
colic
reduced yield
stranguria
polyuria
haematuria
pyuria

Question 14

what are signs of chronic pyelonephritis?

Answer 14

wt loss
colic
reduced yeild
dia
PU
anaemia

Question 15

What abx are used for pyelonephritis?

Answer 15

oxytetracycline or penicillin/aminoglycosides

-14-21 d

Question 16

what is umbilical disease?

Answer 16

when infection enters umbilicus or an infection localises there from generalised septicaemia

Question 17

what is the difference between a patent and persistent urachus?

Answer 17

patent has been closed and reopened

persistent has never closed

Question 18

what are the signs of umbilical disease?

Answer 18

fever
malaise
lethargy
pain/heat/swelling/discharge
generalised septicaemia

Question 19

what are some treatment options for umbilical disease?

Answer 19

broad spec abx

surgically resect umbilicus

Question 20

what is the most common cause of renal failure in the horse?

Answer 20

secondary to hypovolaemia

Question 21

what are some primary causes of renal failure in the horse?

Answer 21

congenital
interstitial nephritis
glomerulonephritis
pyelonephritis
amyloidosis
neoplasia

Question 22

What are 2 main differences on blood work in a horse with renal failure than a dog?

Answer 22

hypercalcaemia

hypophosphataemia

Question 23

what are some clinical signs of a horse in renal failure?

Answer 23

depression
anorexia
wt loss
PU/PD
oedema
dia
pyrexia
colic
oral ulcers and tooth tartar
proteinuria
haematuria
isosthenuria

Question 24

what blood changes are seen in both horses and dogs in renal failure?

Answer 24

azotaemia
hyperkalaemia
hyponatraemia

Question 25

what is UT pathology common in foals?

Answer 25

bladder rupture

Question 26

When do signs of bladder rupture often first present?

Answer 26

2-3 d after when uroabdomen bad enough

Question 27

what are signs of a foal with bladder rupture?

Answer 27

dysuria
abd pain
ventral oedema

Question 28

how do you treat a foal with bladder rupture?

Answer 28

fluids
intranasal oxygen
peritoneal drainage
surgery