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Clinical Pathology > Urine analysis- week 1 > Flashcards

Urine analysis- week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of a complete UA?

A

Physical exam
Chemical Exam
Microscopic exam

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2
Q

What makes up the UA physical exam?

A

Color, clarity, odor

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3
Q

What makes up the UA chemical exam?

A

Dipsticks

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4
Q

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
Milky

A

Pus, bacteria, Fat
possible infection

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5
Q

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
Red/Smoky Brown

A

Blood

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6
Q

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
Yellow Foam

A

Bile pigments (liver), Gal Stone, or cholecystitis (gal bladder inflammation)

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7
Q

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
White Foam

A

Albumin
Regular in small amounts
Large amount is an issue

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8
Q

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
Coca-Cola color?

A

AGN from blood in the early stages of filtration
Can also be from Strep infection

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9
Q

Urine color can be affected by what things that do not indicate an issue?

A

Dehydration or supplements

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10
Q

Odor in the physical exam is caused by what if it smells like ammonia or cleaning products?

A

Bacterial decomp due to urine retention

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11
Q

Odor in the physical exam is caused by what if it smells fruity?

A

Ketone bodies- DM

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12
Q

Odor in the physical exam is caused by what if it smells Stale?

A

Advanced Kidney Disease

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13
Q

What is the WNL of urine specific gravity?

A

1.003-1.030

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14
Q

What does it indicate when the specific gravity of urine is low?

A

Excessive hydration; diabetes insipidus

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15
Q

What does it indicate when the specific gravity of urine is high?

A

Dehydration; Diabetes Mellitus

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16
Q

What if the specific gravity of urine is fixed at ~1.010?

A

Advanced kidney failure

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17
Q

A UA pH below 4.5 indicates?

A

acidosis, fever, high protein diet

18
Q

A UA pH above 8 indicates?

A

Alkalosis, cystitis

19
Q

Proteinuria indicates? What is the dipstick to indicate this sensitive to?

A

renal disease; Albumin

20
Q

What is the most common cause of functional proteinuria?

A

Orthostatic proteinuria

21
Q

If proteinuria is prerenal/before kidney what does it indicate

A

Fever, hypertension, or renal hypoxia

22
Q

If proteinuria is renal what does it indicate?

A

Glomerular nephritis, nephrotic syndrome

23
Q

if proteinuria is postrenal what does it indicate?

A

Cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, inflammatory conditions

24
Q

What is the normal renal threshold for serum glucose before you see reducing sugars in the urine?

A

180mg/dL

25
Q

Glycosuria w/o hyperglycemia indicates?

A

Pregnancy

26
Q

Glycosuria w/hyperglycemia indicates?

A

DM

27
Q

What are the causes of Ketonuria?

A

DM type 1, Starvation/Ketogenic diet, Severe dehydration
Fever in kids

28
Q

Hematuria indicates what?

A

Bleeding due to trauma or irritation, kidney stone

29
Q

Hemoglobinuria (lysed RBCs in urine) indicates?

A

UTI, intravascualr hemolysis, or transfusion reacitions

30
Q

Myoglobinuria indicates?

A

Rhabdomyolysis, hypothermia, convulsions, extensive physical exertion

31
Q

What can give you a false NEGATIVE on blood in urine dipstick test?

A

high dose vitamin C

32
Q

Presence of WBCs in urine?

A

Pyuria

33
Q

Nitrituria indicates?

A

nitrates in urine, Bacteria/UTI
MC is e. coli

34
Q

What are the most common causes of Bilirubinuria?

A

Cholelithiasis (biliary tract obstruction) & liver disease

35
Q

Why will conjugated bilirubin show up in urine but not unconjugated?

A

Unconjugated is not water soluble

36
Q

WBC casts indicate?

A

WBCs originating in the kidney; Pathognomonic Pyelonephritis

37
Q

> 5 HPF indicates?

A

Clinically significant pyuria

38
Q

RBC casts indicate?

A

AGN

39
Q

Fatty casts indicate?

A

Advanced renal disease, nephrotic syndrome

40
Q

Waxy casts indicate?

A

Advanced renal failure

41
Q
A

Clinical Pathology (9 decks)

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