Urine analysis- week 1

Question 1

What are the 3 parts of a complete UA?

Answer 1

Physical exam
Chemical Exam
Microscopic exam

Question 2

What makes up the UA physical exam?

Answer 2

Color, clarity, odor

Question 3

What makes up the UA chemical exam?

Answer 3

Dipsticks

Question 4

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
Milky

Answer 4

Pus, bacteria, Fat
possible infection

Question 5

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
Red/Smoky Brown

Answer 5

Blood

Question 6

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
Yellow Foam

Answer 6

Bile pigments (liver), Gal Stone, or cholecystitis (gal bladder inflammation)

Question 7

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
White Foam

Answer 7

Albumin
Regular in small amounts
Large amount is an issue

Question 8

Abnormal UA physical exam color indicates what?
Coca-Cola color?

Answer 8

AGN from blood in the early stages of filtration
Can also be from Strep infection

Question 9

Urine color can be affected by what things that do not indicate an issue?

Answer 9

Dehydration or supplements

Question 10

Odor in the physical exam is caused by what if it smells like ammonia or cleaning products?

Answer 10

Bacterial decomp due to urine retention

Question 11

Odor in the physical exam is caused by what if it smells fruity?

Answer 11

Ketone bodies- DM

Question 12

Odor in the physical exam is caused by what if it smells Stale?

Answer 12

Advanced Kidney Disease

Question 13

What is the WNL of urine specific gravity?

Answer 13

1.003-1.030

Question 14

What does it indicate when the specific gravity of urine is low?

Answer 14

Excessive hydration; diabetes insipidus

Question 15

What does it indicate when the specific gravity of urine is high?

Answer 15

Dehydration; Diabetes Mellitus

Question 16

What if the specific gravity of urine is fixed at ~1.010?

Answer 16

Advanced kidney failure

Question 17

A UA pH below 4.5 indicates?

Answer 17

acidosis, fever, high protein diet

Question 18

A UA pH above 8 indicates?

Answer 18

Alkalosis, cystitis

Question 19

Proteinuria indicates? What is the dipstick to indicate this sensitive to?

Answer 19

renal disease; Albumin

Question 20

What is the most common cause of functional proteinuria?

Answer 20

Orthostatic proteinuria

Question 21

If proteinuria is prerenal/before kidney what does it indicate

Answer 21

Fever, hypertension, or renal hypoxia

Question 22

If proteinuria is renal what does it indicate?

Answer 22

Glomerular nephritis, nephrotic syndrome

Question 23

if proteinuria is postrenal what does it indicate?

Answer 23

Cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, inflammatory conditions

Question 24

What is the normal renal threshold for serum glucose before you see reducing sugars in the urine?

Answer 24

180mg/dL

Question 25

Glycosuria w/o hyperglycemia indicates?

Answer 25

Pregnancy

Question 26

Glycosuria w/hyperglycemia indicates?

Answer 26

DM

Question 27

What are the causes of Ketonuria?

Answer 27

DM type 1, Starvation/Ketogenic diet, Severe dehydration Fever in kids

Question 28

Hematuria indicates what?

Answer 28

Bleeding due to trauma or irritation, kidney stone

Question 29

Hemoglobinuria (lysed RBCs in urine) indicates?

Answer 29

UTI, intravascualr hemolysis, or transfusion reacitions

Question 30

Myoglobinuria indicates?

Answer 30

Rhabdomyolysis, hypothermia, convulsions, extensive physical exertion

Question 31

What can give you a false NEGATIVE on blood in urine dipstick test?

Answer 31

high dose vitamin C

Question 32

Presence of WBCs in urine?

Answer 32

Pyuria

Question 33

Nitrituria indicates?

Answer 33

nitrates in urine, Bacteria/UTI MC is e. coli

Question 34

What are the most common causes of Bilirubinuria?

Answer 34

Cholelithiasis (biliary tract obstruction) & liver disease

Question 35

Why will conjugated bilirubin show up in urine but not unconjugated?

Answer 35

Unconjugated is not water soluble

Question 36

WBC casts indicate?

Answer 36

WBCs originating in the kidney; Pathognomonic Pyelonephritis

Question 37

>5 HPF indicates?

Answer 37

Clinically significant pyuria

Question 38

RBC casts indicate?

Answer 38

AGN

Question 39

Fatty casts indicate?

Answer 39

Advanced renal disease, nephrotic syndrome

Question 40

Waxy casts indicate?

Answer 40

Advanced renal failure