Urine analysis Flashcards
sample collection methods
Non-sterile samples
-natural urination
-Manual expression
Sterile samples
-Catheterisation (passing a urinary catheter)
-Cytsocentesis
Urine storage
-Label immediately
-examine within 1 hour collection
-refrigerate 4-8c no more than 6 hours
-dont freeze and examine at room temp
Sample pots
Plain - sterile universal pot/white lid
uses
-microscopic examination
- chemistries
Boric acid-Red top
used for microbiological testing
Colour of Urine
Yellow - Normal
Green/brown - bile
red/brown - RBC, haemoglobin, myoglobin
Turbidity
Cells
Crystals
Bacteria
Casts
Smell
fresh urine shouldn’t smell
if it does smell can be a sign of infection
Esteric smell can be indicative of ketoacidosis
Refractometer/urine specific gravity
measures the concentration of protein in serum
high concentration- dehydration, renal failure
low concentration- kidney, renal failure
Normal PH and SG Ranges
Canine
PH - 5.2-6.8
Specific gravity - 1.015-1.045
Feline
6.0 - 7.0
1.020-1.060
RBC’s
WBC’s
bleeding into urogenital tract
inflammation or infection
Casts
composed of protein
forms in renal tubules
may be broken up by high-speed centrifugation
Bacteria, fungi, yeasts
found as contaminants
accompanied by large numbers of WBC
Crystals
Crystalluria
-cystitis
- urolithiasis
- haematuria
Triple phosphate
Alkaline to slightly acidic
coffin lid appearance
prisms with tapering sides and ends
Calcium Carbonate
dumbell - shaped
Calcium oxalate
Dehydrate
-small squares with an x across them
- acidic and neutral urine
- common in liver disease
