Urine

Question 1

If a patient has a high serum potassium, what is the expected urine potassium?

Answer 1

> 40 mEq

Question 2

If a patient has a low serum potassium, what is the expected serum potassium?

Answer 2

< 20 mEq

Question 3

What does low urine sodium indicate?

Answer 3

Normal renal sodium handling, hypovolemia, low sodium diet, or decreased EABV.

Question 4

What can hematuria indicate?

Answer 4

Many things – can be transient, indicate a urologic issue, rhabdomyolysis, hemolysis, or a glomerulonephritis. What findings in hematuria suggest glomerular bleeding ? Appropriae systemic symptoms of a glomerular disease (e.g. skin rash, joint aches), dysmorphic red blood cells, red cell casts, and proteinuria).

Question 5

When should you use a urine chloride?

Answer 5

To calculate the urine anion gap in no-gap metabolic acidosis with academia, and to differentiate causes of metabolic alkalosis

Question 6

What does a pigmented granular (muddy brown) cast indicate ?

Answer 6

Rhabdomyolysis or acute tubular necrosis,

Question 7

What does a white cell cast indicate ?

Answer 7

Pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis (acute of chronic).

Question 8

What does a red cell cast indicate?

Answer 8

A glomerular disease.

Question 9

What do very broad casts or broad waxy casts indicate ?

Answer 9

Chronic kidney disease

Question 10

What is a normal specific gravity for a UA? What do different numbers mean?

Answer 10

1.002 to 1.03

higher specific gravity = more concentrated

Question 11

What is the range of normal pH for a UA?

Answer 11

5 to 7

Question 12

What is normal protein in a UA?

Answer 12

negative to trace amounts

Question 13

What is a normal glucose in a

UA?

Answer 13

negative

Question 14

What is a normal ketone in a UA?

Answer 14

negative

Question 15

what is a normal bilirubin in a UA?

Answer 15

negative

Question 16

What is a normal blood in a UA?

Answer 16

negative

Question 17

What is a normal nitrite for a UA?

Answer 17

negative

Question 18

What is a normal leukocyte count for a UA>

Answer 18

negative

Question 19

What is a normal urobilinogen for a UA?

Answer 19

0.2 - 1 Ehr U/dL

Question 20

Define isosthenuria

Answer 20

urine osmolarity equivalent to plasma osmolarity occurs at a S.G. of ~ 1.012

Question 21

When is isosthenuric urine produced?

Answer 21

when tubules are damaged

Question 22

What is one weakness of the dipstick urine protein?

Answer 22

it only detects negatively charged proteins (albumin)

Question 23

When are ketones found in the urine?

Answer 23

frequently due to diabetes

Question 24

What do nitrites in the urine indicate?

Answer 24

bacterial infection of urine or kidney

Question 25

What doe leukocytes in the urine indicate?

Answer 25

infection, inflammation or allergic reaction

Question 26

What is a normal urine creatinine? (women and men)

Answer 26

15-20 mg/kg per day in female, and 20-25 mg/kg / day in male

Question 27

What is a normal urine sodium (generally speaking)

Answer 27

100 – 260 meq/24 hours (varies on intake)

Question 28

What is a normal urine potassium?

Answer 28

25 – 125 mmol / 24 hours (variable)

Question 29

What is a normal urine chloride?

Answer 29

100-250 mmol / 24 hours (variable)