Urine

Question 1

Characteristics of normal urine

Answer 1

• bladder - holds 300-600ml; urge stimulated at 250-450ml
• frequency - 5-7 times a day
• amount - 60ml/hour or 1500ml/day; report is

Question 2

Polyuria

Answer 2

• increased amount of output

* factors: diuretics, hx of DM, renal disease

Question 3

Plight is

Answer 3

• decrease amount of output

* factors: decrease fluid intake, hypotension, sick, heart failure, hx of renal disease/failure

Question 4

Anuria

Answer 4

• absence of urine

* factors: decrease fluid intake, hypotension, sick, heart failure, hx of renal disease/failure

Question 5

Frequency

Answer 5

• increase voiding

* factors: pregnancy, increase fluid intake, UTI, stress

Question 6

Nocturnal

Answer 6

• up at night to void

* factors: benign prostAtic hyper trophy, renal failure, increased age

Question 7

Urgency

Answer 7

• must void now

* factors: stress, UTI, poor sphincter control

Question 8

Dyslexia

Answer 8

• painful urination

* factors: UTI, injury, hematuria, puris

Question 9

Enuresis

Answer 9

• involuntary voiding

* factors: family history, no access to facilities, home stress

Question 10

Incontinence

Answer 10

• involuntary leakage of urine or loss of bladder control

* factors: UTI, pregnancy, volume overload, delirium, restricted mobility, stool impaction

Question 11

Types of incontinence

Answer 11

• stress - occurs through laughing, sneezing or coughing
• functional - physical problems that prevent ability to reach facility
• overflow - unable to completely empty bladder
• total - total loss of urinary control (bladder unable to store)
• urge - need to void in which may not reach facility
• reflex - urge to void not felt

Question 12

Nursing diagnoses

Answer 12

• altered urinary elimination of (- incontinence or nocturia)
• urinary retention
• risk for UTI
• low self esteem
• social isolation
• self care deficit of toileting
• risk for impaired skin integrity
• risk for fluid volume deficit/excess
• disturbed body image
• risk for care giving role strain

Question 13

Goals

Answer 13

• maintain or restore normal voiding patterns
• regain normal urine output
• prevent risks of infection, skin breakdown, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, low self esteem
• performs toileting activities independently

Question 14

Interventions

Answer 14

• normal elimination management
• urinary incontinence care
• promoted voiding
• urinary habit training
• urinary retention care
• pelvic floor muscle exercises (kegel)

Question 15

Factors affecting need

Answer 15

• growth and development
• psychological factors - privacy, position, time, sight, sound
• diet - diuretics, anti diuretics, salt
• medications
• muscle tone and activity
• pathological conditions
• surgical and diagnostic procedures

Question 16

Teaching for home care

Answer 16

• facilitating urinary elimination self care
• promoting urinary elimination
• infection prevention of UTI
• medications
• dietary alterations
• measures specific urinary problems
• referrals
• community agencies and other resources

Question 17

Nursing orders

Answer 17

• promoting fluid intake
• maintaining normal voiding habits
• assisting with toileting
• preventing UTIs
• managing urinary incontinence
  
  • continence bladder training
    
    • bladder training
    • habit training
    • prompted voiding
    • pelvic floor muscle exercises

Question 18

RNAO best practice guidelines

Answer 18

Promoting continence using prompted voiding
• monitoring
• prompting
• praising

Teaching kegel or pelvic floor exercises
• position
• contraction - pull upward and inward
• timing - hold for 3-5sec, relax for 3-5 sec
• repeat - 10x in a row, 5x daily