Activity And Exercise

Question 1

Mobility

Answer 1

• Ability to move freely, easily, rhythmically and purposefully

Question 2

Requirements for normal movement

Answer 2

• Intact musculoskeletal system, nervous system and inner ear structures

Question 3

4 basic elements for activity and exercise

Answer 3

• Body alignment and posture
• Joint mobility
• Balance (stability)
• Coordinated movement

Question 4

Alignment and posture

Answer 4

• Body parts in a line that promotes optimal balance and function

• Line of gravity
• Centre of gravity
• Base of support

Question 5

Joint mobility

Answer 5

• Inactivity: bent or flexed position of joint, development of contracture (muscle shortens and becomes fixed)

Question 6

Balance

Answer 6

• Maintained by mechanisms of equilibrium

* Depends on stimuli from inner ear vestibule, vision and stretch receptors of muscles and tendons

Question 7

Coordinated movement

Answer 7

• Balanced, smooth and purposeful movement

* Dopamine released stimulates and inhibits certain muscle groups

Question 8

Isotonic exercise

Answer 8

• Muscle shortens
• Ex: running, walking, swimming and cycling
• Purpose of increasing tone, mass and strength of muscles and induce joint mobility and flexibility
• Improves circulation and blood flow

Question 9

Isometric exercise

Answer 9

• Static or setting
• Change in muscle tension
• Purpose of strengthening specific muscle
• Ex: quad setting
• Increase heart rate but not blood flow

Question 10

Isokinetic exercise

Answer 10

• Resistive exercises
• Muscle contraction/tension against resistance
• Can be both isotonic and isometric
• Ex: lifting weights
• Purpose of building up muscles

Question 11

Aerobic exercise

Answer 11

• Oxygen intake is greater than or equal to body’s needs
• Purpose of conditioning and fitness
• Ex: walking, jogging, dancing and skiing

Question 12

Anaerobic exercise

Answer 12

• Activities requiring more oxygen than body’s supply
• Purpose of endurance training
• Ex: sprinting

Question 13

Factors affecting body alignment

Answer 13

• Growth and development
• Nutrition
• Personal attitudes and values
• External factors
• Prescribed limitations
• Physical health
• Mental health

Question 14

Assessment

Answer 14

• Body alignment
• Gait
• Pace - 70-100 steps or 40 steps for elders
• Appearance and movement of joints
• Capabilities and limitations of movement
• Muscle mass and strength
• Activity tolerance
• Problems related to mobility

Question 15

Interventions

Answer 15

• Body mechanics - preventing back injury
• Support devices
• Positioning - with use of pillows
• Moving and turning and transferring
• Exercises
• Teaching ROM
• Ambulate and pre-ambulatory exercises
• Use of canes, walkers and crutches
• Preventing postural hypotension

Question 16

Diagnoses

Answer 16

• Activity intolerance
• Impaired physical mobility
• Knowledge deficit
• Fear of falling
• Self care deficit
• Self esteem disturbance
• Ineffective individual coping

Question 17

Goals and outcomes

Answer 17

• Increase tolerance for physical activity
• Restore or improve ability to ambulate
• Avoid injury from falls or improper use of body mechanics
• Improve physical fitness
• Avoid complications associated with immobility

Question 18

Activity
Exercise
Activity tolerance

Answer 18

• Activity: body movement requiring energy expenditure
• Exercise: planned activity structured for repetitive movement to improve fitness
• Activity tolerance: type and amount of exercise or daily activities one can perform without experiencing adverse effects