Urine Flashcards
the by-product of all detoxification activities of the kidneys.
Urine
A normal adult excretes about _________of urine a day. The volume varies with the volume of water intake, the nature of the foods in the diet, and the temperature of the environment.
600 to 2000 mL
The specific gravity of urine ranges from _________. The volume of the urine formed effects the specific gravity.
1.003 to 1.030
The pH of urine ranges from _______. T
4.8 to 7.5
The color of urine is due to the
presence of the pigment ________, which gives it an _______ color.
urochrome
amber yellow
Freshly voided urine has an _________, but on standing, it breaks down into _______ which is responsible for the putrid odor.
aromatic odor
ammonia
Normal urine is always clear and transparent, but prolonged standing may allow some of the components to precipitate.
The normal constituents of urine are water, urea, sodium chloride, creatinine, ammonia, hippuric acid, and purine bodies.
The presence of sugar, proteins, blood, ketone bodies and bile- usually implies pathological condition.
Pathological urine sample components
(urine + 5%
glucose, 5% albumin, acetone, bile, blood
solution)
Group’s result
Normal Urine
Color
Transparency
pH
Odor
Pathological Urine
Color
Transparency
pH
Odor
Normal Urine
Color= Pale yellow
Transparency= CLear
pH= slightly acidic
Odor= mild odor
Pathological Urine
Color= Red
Transparency= Opaque
pH= Abnormal pH
Odor= Foul
TEST FOR ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
UREA
- Place 10 drops of urine in a test tube
- Add ___________ (1), then add a ________ (2).
Note the evolution of gas. ______ (3) gas and ______ (4) gas produced this means a urea decomposition occurs.
RESULTS
When NaNO₂ reacts with urine in the presence of HCl, nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide are released. This indicates urea decomposition as the nitrogenous waste is converted into gaseous products. The evolution of gas confirms the presence of urea in the sample.
1) 5 drops of 10% HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
2) few crystals of NaNO2 (Sodium Nitrite)
3) Nitrogen
4) Carbon dioxide
TEST FOR ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
Creatinine: Jaffe’s Picric acid reaction
- Place 20 drops of urine in a test tube,
- Then add ___________ (1).
- Alkalinity with ________ (2).
*A red color is produced which turns yellow when acidified.
*becomes yellow when added by HCL
RESULTS
The Jaffe’s reaction produces a red color due to the interaction of creatinine with picric acid in an alkaline medium. Upon acidification, the red solution turns yellow. This color change confirms the presence of creatinine, a normal metabolic byproduct in urine.
1) 5 drops of saturated picric acid.
2) 5 drops of 10% NaOH (Sodium Chloride)
TEST FOR ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
Chlorides
- To 3 mL of urine, add ______ (1) and _________ (2).
- Observe.
white precipitate of ______
RESULTS
Adding HNO₃ and AgNO₃ to the urine sample results in a white precipitate, confirming the presence of chlorides. This is due to the formation of insoluble silver chloride (AgCl).
1) 5 drops of HNO3 (Nitric acid)
2) 5 drops of 5% AgNO3 (Silver nitrate)
silver chloride
TEST FOR ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
Reducing sugar (Glucose)
- Take _________ in test tube then add ___drops of urine sample.
- Boil it for 1-2 min and observe.
RESULTS
Benedict’s reagent reacts with reducing sugars, producing a color change ranging from ______, depending on the sugar concentration. The observation of a precipitate confirms glucose presence in the urine.
5ml Benedict’s reagent
8
RESULTS
green to orange or brick-red
TEST FOR ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS
Protein
- Fill 3/4th of test tube with urine sample solution.
- Heat it at the top and observe.
- Then add ________ to it and again observe. Take note the presence of white coagulum or turbidity.
RESULTS
No white turbidity was observed. Heating the urine sample did not form a white coagulum, as our donor’s urine contains no detectable proteins. If protein were present, _____ would cause protein denaturation, forming white turbidity.
1) 1-2 drop of acetic acid
heating
TEST FOR PATHOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS
A pathological sample of urine was stimulated by adding 5 mL each of
1.
2.
3.
4.
to 25 mL of urine.
- 5% glucose,
- 5% albumin,
- acetone, and
- blood solution
TEST FOR PATHOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS
Acetone: Rothera’s Nitroprusside Test
- Place 5 mL of the pathological urine sample in a test tube, then add ____________. Shake until the urine is saturated.
- Now, add __________ and ___________
- Shake and wait for the slow development of a purple/pink complex that gradually deepens. This is a confirmatory test for the presence of acetoacetic acid.
RESULTS
Rothera’s test results in a _____ complex when acetoacetic acid reacts with nitroprusside and ammonium hydroxide. This confirms the presence of ________.
- solid ammonium sulfate
- 2-4 drops of concentrated ammonium hydroxide
- 2-4 drops nitroprusside reagent.
________ is a confirmatory test for the presence of acetoacetic acid?
RESULTS
purple/pink
ketone bodies
TEST FOR PATHOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS
Glucose: Benedict’s Test
- Place ________ in a test tube, then add 5 mL of urine.
- Mix thoroughly. Boil it in water bath for 10-15 minutes and allow to cool.
Take note of the color of the precipitate formed.
RESULTS
No red or orange precipitate appeared in Benedict’s test. Boiling the sample with Benedict’s reagent showed no glucose, confirming normal levels.
2-3 mL of Benedict’s reagent
TEST FOR PATHOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS
Albumin: Heller’s Ring Test
- To ________ in a test tube, deliver 1 mL urine down the side of the tube such that it forms a separate layer.
The presence of protein is shown by a
puffy zone at the urine-acid interface.
RESULTS
Heller’s ring test produces a white, cloudy ring at the interface of urine and nitric acid. This indicates the presence of albumin.
1.5 mL conc HNO3 (Nitric acid)
TEST FOR PATHOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS
Blood: Benzidine Test
- Place about 3 mL of urine suspected of containing blood in an evaporating dish
and add __________. - Mix, then add _______.
- Spread this solution over the surface of the dish and describe the color that
soon forms
RESULTS
In the Benzidine test, a _____ color appears due to the reaction of hemoglobin with benzidine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. This confirms the presence of blood.
5 drops of benzidine reagent
2 drops of 3% H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide)
RESULTS
blue-green
- Why must a 24-hour period sample of urine be used for examination if a detailed
composition is to be determined? For a simple routine qualitative analysis, why is an
early morning sample of urine used for tests, and not a sample collected after meal? - What is meant by glucosuria? Albuminuria?
A 24-hour urine sample is used for detailed analysis to capture variations in substances excreted throughout the day, offering a complete picture of kidney function and waste elimination. For routine qualitative tests, an early morning sample is preferred because it is more concentrated, reflecting baseline health without the influence of recent meals or hydration, which can alter urine composition.
Glucosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, often linked to blood sugar issues like diabetes. Albuminuria, on the other hand, refers to the presence of albumin (a protein) in urine, typically indicating kidney damage or disease. These conditions signal abnormalities in the kidney’s ability to filter substances properly.
In summary, urine samples are valuable diagnostic tools, with the type of sample depending on the purpose of the test. Identifying conditions like glucosuria and albuminuria helps in the early detection and management of diseases, emphasizing the importance of urine analysis in healthcare.
