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Cell Biology Final Review > Urinary/Upper GI > Flashcards

Urinary/Upper GI Flashcards

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0
Q

What have renal corpuscles located in the cortex next to the corticalmedullary junction and their glomeruli empty into vasa recta consisting of long, straight arterioles and venules that run parallel to the loops of Henle and collecting ducts?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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1
Q

What are cortical nephrons and where are they located?

A

In the renal cortex and have short loops of Henle that do not extend deeply into the medulla

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2
Q

What have long loops of Henle that extend deeply into the medulla?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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3
Q

What forms the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What do mesangial cells play a role in?

A

Phagocytosis, mechanical support, synthesis of matrix and collagen, and regulation of blood flow

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5
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of?

A

Macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells and juxtaglomerular cells

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6
Q

The macula densa signals renin to release from where?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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7
Q

Describe the proximal convuluted tubule

A

Formed by a simple cuboidal epithelium made up of truncated pyramidal-shaped cells with basal striations marking the location of mitochondria

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8
Q

What are thick segments of the loop of Henle made up of?

A

Low Cuboidal cells

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9
Q

What are thin segments of the loop of Henle made up of?

A

Squamous cells

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10
Q

What is the Distal convoluted tubule made up of?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with smaller cells and broader lumen than the proximal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

Which convoluted tubule has the broader lumen?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

What convoluted tubule lacks a brush border?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

What does the collecting duct consists of?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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14
Q

What are the two types of specialized cells in the collecting duct?

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

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15
Q

What are the roles of principal cells?

A

Reabsorb sodium ions and secrete potassium ions

16
Q

What are the roles of intercalated cells?

A

Secrete either hydrogen or bicarbonate ions

17
Q

What does the gut tract epithelium consists of?

A

Stratified, non-keratinized squamous epithelium at either end (esophagus and anal calan) and simple columnar mucosa along the rest of its length

18
Q

What type of muscle can be found at either end and of the gut tract epithelium?

A

Skeletal muscle

19
Q

What type of muscle can be found along most of the gut tract length?

A

Smooth muscle

20
Q

What does ectoderm give rise to?

A

Enamel organ

21
Q

What does the neural crest form?

A

Dental papilla

22
Q

What does dental papilla form?

A

Dentin, cementum, and pulp

23
Q

What are unique to enamel?

A

Amelogenins and enamelins

24
Q

How many types of papillae does the tongue have?

A

Four

25
Q

What papillae lacks taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae

26
Q

What cells do taste buds have?

A

Sustentacular cells and taste cells

27
Q

What doe taste cells have?

A

Microvilli with taste receptors and release neurotransmitters from their basal membranes

28
Q

What are von Ebner’s glands?

A

Serous glands associated with the circumvallate papillae

29
Q

Layers of the gut tube from inside to outside include?

A

mucosa, submucosa, external muscle layer and serosa (adventitia)

30
Q

What does the mucosa include?

A

Simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularies interna

31
Q

The external muscle layer is made up of what?

A

An inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal muscle

32
Q

The submucosal plexus (meissner’s plexus) is located where?

A

Its a nerve plexus located between the submucosa and the circular muscle layer of the muscularies externa

33
Q

What is the myenteric plexus (of Auerbach)?

A

Nerve plexus located between the two layers of the musclularis externa

34
Q

The cardiac and pyloric regions of the stomach contain mostly what?

A

Mucous glands

35
Q

The fundic and body regions of the stomach contain what?

A

Gastric glands

36
Q

What are gastric glands?

A

Long tubular glands extending down to the muscularies mucosae.
Composed of mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, stepm cells, and enteroendocrine cells

37
Q

what are parietal cell?

A

They are the unique cells of the gastric gland.
Large pyramidal shaped, eosinophilic cell that produces HCL and gastric intrinsic factor
Generates hydrogen ion from carbonic acid and is characterized by prominent intracellular canaliculi lined by microvilli

38
Q

What de chief cell secretes?

A

Pepsinogen

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