Urinary Tract Infections Flashcards
Define bacteriuria
Presence of bacteria in urine
Define cystitis
Infection in the bladder
Define dysuria
painful urination
Define hematogenous
arising/spreading in the blood
Define hypertrophy
abnormal enlargement of an organ
Define MSU
mid-stream urine
Define pyuria
presence of white blood cells/pus in urine
Define pyelonephritis
infection in the kidney
Define siderophore
low MW compounds secreted by bacteria that bind iron
Define SPA
suprapubic aspiration (urine sample from the bladder)
Define UPEC
uropathogenic E. coli
What are the 5 parts of the urinary tract?
Kidney Ureters Bladder Urethra Prostate
What is the function of the kidneys?
Filter metabolites and other materials including some drugs from the blood
What is the function of the ureters?
Lead urine from kidneys to the bladder
What is the function of the bladder?
Storage point for urine
What type of metabolism is urea from?
Protein metabolism
What type of metabolism is uric acid from?
Nucleic acid metabolism
What type of cells line the mucosa of the ureters and bladder?
Transitional/Stratified epithelium - urothelium
What can the urothelium produce?
Cytokines, chemokines and secretory IgA
How many urinary tract infections occur around the world annually?
130-175 million
What do UTIs usually result from?
Bacterial infection of the ascending urethra
What percentage of women have recurring UTIs?
20-30%
What age group of men typically get UTIs?
Men over 50
What is the epidemiology of UTIs?
Can be either community-acquired or nosocomially-acquired (hospitals, mostly from catheterisation)
What are the symptoms of a lower UTI?
Urethra (urethritis): - frequency of passing urine - burning sensation (dysuria) - urgency Bladder (cystitis): - above symptoms and pain and fever
What are the symptoms of an upper UTI?
Kidney (pyelonephritis):
- similar symptoms to lower UTIs
- fever, renal tenderness
- sometimes nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation
- loin pain
Who gets UTIs?
Infants M>F
Children, adolescents m=F
Adults F»M
What is the frequency of UTIs in women?
6% of women/year get UTIs
Most women at least once
What is the frequency of UTIs in men?
Uncommon in men with normal urinary tracts
More common in elderly men with impaired flow
What are predisposing factors for a UTI?
- Inoculation of organisms into urethra
- Disruption of normal urine flow
- Incomplete bladder emptying
What are some causes of inoculation of organisms into the urethra?
- direct environment contamination
- Catheterisation
- Trauma/surgery
What are some causes of disruption of normal urine flow?
- anatomical abnormalities
- enlargement of prostate
- kidney stones (calculi)
- tumours
- pregnancy
What are some causes of incomplete bladder emptying?
- loss of normal neurological function associated with spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, paraplegia