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MIC3041 Medical Microbiology > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of pathogen is malaria?

A

Protozoan parasite - acicomplexa

Plasmodium spp.

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2
Q

What is the cause of malaria?

A

Plasmodium spp.

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3
Q

What is the transmission route of malaria?

A

Vector - bite of female anopheles mosquito

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4
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of malaria?

A

Spiking fever, chills, vomiting, severe headache

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5
Q

What additional symptoms does P. falciparum cause?

A

Severe anaemia, kidney and liver damage

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6
Q

How many carriers are there of malaria each year?

A

150-300 million

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7
Q

How many new cases of malaria each year?

A

200 million

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8
Q

How many people in the world are at risk of malaria?

A

3.2 billion

Almost half the worlds population

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9
Q

Where do a majority of malaria deaths occur?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa

91% of all deaths

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10
Q

How many species of Plasmodium are there?

A

> 100

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11
Q

Who does malaria infect?

A

humans, monkeys, rodents, birds, lizards

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12
Q

How many Anopheles species are there and how many transmit malaria?

A

430

30-40 transmit malaria

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13
Q

What is the lifespan of the Anopheles mosquito?

A

2-3 weeks

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14
Q

When does Anopheles breeding increase?

A

Rainy season

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15
Q

How many eggs does the Anopheles mosquito lay and how often?

A

30-150 eggs every 2-3 days and needs blood to nourish eggs

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16
Q

When does the female Anopheles mosquito bite?

A

Late evening - peaking 12am to early morning

17
Q

How does the Anopheles mosquito penetrate the skin?

A

Through specialised proboscis

18
Q

Where do the Anopheles mosquitos lay their eggs?

A

In natural water collections

19
Q

How far can the Anopheles mosquito fly?

A

several kilometers

20
Q

Where can the Anopheles mosquito shelter?

A

Motor vehicles, ships and aircraft

21
Q

What are the 5 species of Plasmodium that infect humans?

A

P. falciparum - most deadly and severe, 50% mortality
P. vivax - high morbidity - most common, widespread
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. knowlesi

22
Q

What is the most common cause of malaria?

A

P. vivax

23
Q

What is the most deadly cause of malaria?

A

P. falciparum

24
Q

What are the 2 hosts of malaria?

A

Definitive host: Anopheles mosquito

Intermediate host: humans

25
Q

What is meant by definitive host?

A

Host where sexual reproduction occurs

26
Q

What is meant by intermediate host?

A

Host where the organism only reproduces asexually

27
Q

What is the lifecycle of malaria in the definitive host?

A

Gametes -> ookinete -> oocyst -> sporozoite

28
Q

What is the lifecycle of malaria in intermediate host?

A

Liver: sporozoite -> hypnozoite -> merozoite
Blood: merozoite -> ring -> trophozoite -> schizont -> merozoite -> gametocyte

29
Q

What are the sexual forms of malaria?

A

Gametocyte
Gamete
Ookinete
Oocyst

30
Q

What are the intracellular forms of malaria?

A 
Hypnozoites (liver)
Ring (RBC)
Trophozoite (RBC)
Schizont (liver, RBC)
Gametocyte
31
Q

What is the dominant form of malaria?

A

Hypnozoite

32
Q

What is the lifecycle of the malaria parasite?

Start with the Anopheles mosquito taking a blood meal and ingesting gametocytes

A

MOSQUITO - SPOROGENIC CYCLE
1. Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal and ingests gametocytes
2. These gametocytes form a gamete
3. Gamete becomes motile ookinete
4. Ookinete burrows into gut to form oocyst
5. Oocyst becomes sporozoites which burst out and travel to salivary glands
6. When Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal, sporozoites are injected into human
HUMAN - HEPATOCYTIC CYCLE
7. Sporozoites migrate to liver (40-60 minutes) invade hepatocytes via Kupffer cells
8. May undergo asexual reproduction (schizony) to form schizont (some sporozoites may remain dormant as hypnozoites)
9. Schizont ruptures releasing merozoites into blood
HUMAN - ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE
10. Merozoites invade red blood cells
11. Form a ring
12. RIng can become a trophozoite
13. Trophozoite can form a schizont through asexual reproduction
14. Schizont ruptures, releasing merozoites that invade other red blood cells
15. Once ring is formed, it can also become a gametocyte
16. Gametocyte can be taken up by Anopheles mosquito when they take a blood meal

33
Q

How long does the whole malaria lifecycle take?

A

8-35 days

34
Q

How long does the pre-erythrocytic stage take?

A

7 days

35
Q

Are symptoms present in the pre-erythrocytic stage?

A

No

36
Q

In which species of Plasmodium can hypnozoites form?

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

NOT P. falciparum

37
Q

What is the duration of replicative cycle in the erythrocytic cycle in the different species of Plasmodium?

A

P. falciparum, P, vivax, P. ovale - 48 hours
P. malariae - 72 hours
P. knowlesi - 24 hours

MIC3041 Medical Microbiology (11 decks)

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