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Nephrology and Urology > Urinary Tract Infection > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is bacteruria?

A

Bacteria in the urine

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2
Q

Bacteria is usually asymptomatic. T/F?

A

True

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3
Q

What is an uncomplicated UTI?

A

A lower UTI with normal structure and neurology

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4
Q

What is a complicated UTI?

A

Upper UTI with systemic signs and symptoms

or catheter associated UTI

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5
Q

What is urosepsis?

A

A complicated UTI where temperature >38 Celsius, heart rate >90, respiratory rate >20, WBC >15 or <4

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6
Q

In what patients does bacteria usually occur?

A 
Preschool age
Affects girls more than boys 
Hospitalised
Catheterised
Diabetic
Anatomical abnormalities
Pregnancy
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7
Q

When should asymptomatic bacteriuria be treated?

A

Preschool children
Pregnancy
Renal transplant
Immunocompromised

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8
Q

What are the clinical features of a UTI?

A 
Suprapubic discomfort
Dysuria
Urgency
Frequency
Cloudy, blood stained, smelly urine
Low grade fever
Sepsis
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9
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of UTI in neonates?

A

Failure to thrive and jaundice

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10
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of UTI in children?

A

Abdominal pain

Vomiting

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11
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of UTI in the elderly?

A

Nocturia
Incontinence
Confusion

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12
Q

What bacteria commonly cause UTI?

A 
E.coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Streptococci
Staphylococci
Anaerobes
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13
Q

In non-pregnant women with suspected UTI should a urine culture be taken?

A

No

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14
Q

Should children and men with suspected UTI have a urine culture taken?

A

Yes

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15
Q

For how long should non-pregnant women with UTI be treated?

A

3-7 days

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16
Q

In pregnant women with suspected UTI should a urine culture be taken?

A

Yes

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17
Q

For how long should pregnant women with UTI be treated?

A

7-10 days

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18
Q

UTI in pregnancy can cause pyelonephritis. T/F?

A

True

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19
Q

How is recurrent UTI be defined?

A

> 2 episodes in 6 months

>3 episodes a year

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20
Q

How can recurrent UTI be avoided?

A

Encourage urge initiate and post-coital boiding
Intravaginal/oral oestrogen
Single post coital antibiotics
Prophylactic antibiotics if simple measures fail. (trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin)

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21
Q

How should suspected complicated UTIs be investigated?

A 
FBC
U&amp;Es
CRP
Urine sample
Blood sample
Renal ultrasound
CT
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22
Q

What complications can result from a catheter?

A 
UTI
Obstruction hydronephrosis
Chronic renal inflammation
Urinary tract stones 
Long term risk of bladder cancer
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23
Q

How can catheter infections be prevented?

A

Catheterise only when necessary
Remove catheters when no longer needed
Removing/replacing catheters if they were causing infection, catheter care and hand hygiene

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24
Q

How should catheter associated UTI be treated?

A

Empirical antibiotics

Catheter removed if not needed or replaced under antibiotic cover

25
Q

What causes acute pyelonephritis?

A

Upper UTI

26
Q

How can community acquired infections causing acute pyelonephritis be treated?

A

Co-ampxiclav, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim

27
Q

How can hospital acquired infections causing acute pyelonephritis be treated?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics for 7-14 days +/- radiological/surgical intervention

28
Q

There is positive urine and blood cultures in renal abscess. T/F?

A

True

29
Q

How can renal abscess become life threatening?

A

Emphysematous

Pyelonephritis

30
Q

What are the risk factors for perinephritic abscess?

A 
Lower tract UTI
Anatomical abnormalities
Renal calculi
Bacteraemia
Haematogenous spread
31
Q

What are the common causative organisms which can cause perinephritic abscess?

A 
e.coli
proteus
s.aureus
streptococci
candida
32
Q

There are usually positive blood cultures in perinephritic abscess. T/F?

A

True

33
Q

Perinephritic abscess may require surgical management. T/F?

A

True

34
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis is usually spontaneously. T/F?

A

True

35
Q

What are the symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis?

A 
Fever
Perineal/back pain
UTI
Urinary retention
Diffuse oedema
Micro abscesses
36
Q

What are the likely causative organisms or acute bacterial prostatitis?

A

E.coli
proteus
s.aureus
N.gonorrhoea

37
Q

What are the possible complications of acute bacterial prostatitis?

A 
Prostatic abscess
Spontaneous rupture 
Epidiymitis
Pyelonephritis
Systemic sepsis
38
Q

What investigations should be conducted in acute bacterial prostatitis?

A 
Urine culture
Blood culture
Transcranial ultrasound
CT 
MRI
39
Q

What antibiotics should be given for acute bacterial prostatitis?

A

Ciprofloxacin

Olfoxacin

40
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic prostatitis?

A

Perineal discomfort
Back pain
Low grade fever
UTI symptoms

41
Q

What are the common causative organisms of chronic prostatitis?

A

E.coli
Proteus
Enterococcus
S.aureus

42
Q

Chronic prostatitis may follow chlamydia urethritis. T/F?

A

True

43
Q

Chronic prostatitis is usually asymptomatic. T/F?

A

True

44
Q

What is epididymitis?

A

Inflammatory reaction of the epididymis

45
Q

What can cause epididymitis?

A

Ascending infection from the urethra

Urethral instrumentation

46
Q

What are the symptoms of epididymitis?

A 
Pain
Fever
Swelling
Penile discharge
Symptoms of UTI/urethritis
47
Q

What are the common causative organisms of epididymitis?

A 
GBN
Enterococci
Staphylococci
TB
Chalmydia
N.gonorrhoea
48
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Inflammation of one or both testicles

49
Q

What are the symptoms of orchitis?

A

Testicular pain and swelling
Dysuria
Fever
Penile discharge

50
Q

What is the common cause of orchitis?

A

Mumps

51
Q

What are the complications of orchitis?

A

Testicular infarction

Abscess formation

52
Q

Sexual transmitted bacteria should be ruled out in orchitis. T/F?

A

True

53
Q

What is Fournier’s gangrene?

A

A form of necrotising fasciitis

54
Q

What are the risk factors for Fournier’s gangrene?

A

UTI
Complications of IBD
Trauma
Recent surgery

55
Q

Fournier’s gangrene is usually a mixed infection. T/F?

A

True

56
Q

How is Fournier’s gangrene investigated?

A

Blood cultures
Urine
Tissue/pus

57
Q

How is Fournier’s gangrene treated?

A

1st line management alongside broad spectrum antibiotics (pip-tazobactam, gentamicin, metronidazole, clindamycin)

58
Q

What can pyuria with no bacteria indicate?

A 
Previous/recent antibiotics
Tumour
Calculi
Urethritis
Tuberculosis
59
Q

For uncomplicated UTI what antibiotics can be given?

A 
Amoxicillin
Trimethoprim
Nitrofuratoin
Pivmecillinam
Fosfomycin

Nephrology and Urology (13 decks)

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