urinary tract infection

Question 1

3 defense mechs for UTI

Answer 1

• urethra itself
• constant flushing of urine
• urethral valves

Question 2

purpose of urethral valves

Answer 2

Ensures urine flows in 1 direction

Question 3

2 lower UTI infections

Answer 3

cystitis and urethritis

Question 4

Difference between cystitis and urethritis

Answer 4

cystitis is the infection of bladder
urethritis is the infection of urethra

Question 5

Why are UTIs more common in females than males?

Answer 5

The urethra is a defense mech, and females have a shorter urethra than males

Question 6

Sx of a cystitis UTI (6)

Answer 6

• burning on urination
• frequent desire to urinate
• cloudy/bloody urine
• urine smells like ammonia
• lower abdominal pain/pressure
• fever (rare)

Question 7

Which diabetic meds class can cause UTI and how?

Answer 7

SGLT2 inhibitors - bc it can cause glucose to spill over into urine

Question 8

Some factors contributing to UTIs (9)

Answer 8

• bacteria coming from outside to inside from poor hygiene
• wiping back to front
• sexual activity
• contraceptives
• anything foreign in vagina
• disease states (menopause, use of SGLT2 inhibitors)
• prostate problems
• pregnancy
• anything sitting in the way of urine flowing from kidney to ureter into bladder (e.g. kidney stones)

Question 9

name of upper UTI condition?

Answer 9

Pyelonephritis

Question 10

Define pyelonephritis

Answer 10

Infection of kidney from poorly treated lower UTI or premature valves where urine reflexes up urinary tract

Question 11

Sx of pyelonephritis

Answer 11

• nausea, vomiting
• flank/abdominal pain
• burning on urination

Question 12

2 ways to diagnose UTIs

Answer 12

• mid-stream urine sample/dip stick measurements
• urinalysis

Question 13

How to perform mid-stream urine sample

Answer 13

Catch mid-stream of urine, so epithelial cells come out first and we don’t want that

Question 14

What to look for in a mid-stream urine sample

Answer 14

Cloudy urine and smell

Question 15

First-line tx for UTIs

Answer 15

Trimethoprim

Question 16

When is the best time to take trimethoprim and why?

Answer 16

Night, because you’re not going to the bathroom and flushing out the urine with the drug, allowing it to have more time for contact with bladder

Question 17

3 first line drugs taken for UTIs for non preg women, in order from first-line to third-line

Answer 17

1. Trimethoprim
2. Nitrofurantoin
3. Cefalexin

Question 18

2nd line drugs for acute cystitis in non-preg women (3)

Answer 18

• amoxicillin
• amox + clavulaunic acid
• trim + sulfamethoxazole

Question 19

3rd line drugs for non-preg women (3)

Answer 19

• fosfomycin
• norfloxacin
• ciprofloxacin

Question 20

Drug to use in mild-mod acute pyelonephritis

Answer 20

Amox+clavulaunic acid or ciprofloxacin if allergic to penicillin

Question 21

What to do during severe pyelonephritis

Answer 21

go hospital for IV antibiotics and po antibiotics

Question 22

Why does it burn when urinating during UTI?

Answer 22

Because the urethra and bladder is inflamed, so when urine (which is acidic) touches it, its painful

Question 23

Drug class of Ural?

Answer 23

Urinary alkalinisers

Question 24

2 drug-drug interactions with ural and what it does

Answer 24

1. nitrofurantoin - this drug needs an acidic environment to work
2. ciprofloxacin - forms crystals in basic urine and peeing crystals = more pain

Question 25

OTC remedy for UTI

Answer 25

hiprex